References

  1. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020;39:1011–9.
  2. Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Minino A, Anderson RN. Provisional mortality data – United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:519–22.
  3. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021;27:601–15.
  4. Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, Nair N, Mahajan S, Sehrawat TS, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1017–32.
  5. Mokhtari T, Hassani F, Ghaffari N, Ebrahimi B, Yarahmadi A, Hassanzadeh G. COVID-19 and multiorgan failure: a narrative review on potential mechanisms. J Mol Histol 2020;51:613–28.
  6. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2020: Turning science into lifesaving care. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:5055.
  7. Kaye AD, Okeagu CN, Pham AD, Silva RA, Hurley JJ, Arron BL, et al. Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: international perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2021;35:293–306.
  8. Kaiser Family Foundation. KFF Health Tracking Poll – May 2020 – Health and Economic Impacts. [updated 2020 May 27; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-health-tracking-poll-may-2020-health-and-economic-impacts/
  9. Pew Research Center. Majority in U.S. says public health benefits of COVID-19 restrictions worth the costs, even as large shares also see downsides [updated 2021 Sep 15; cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2021/09/PS_2021.09.15_covid19-restrictions_REPORT.pdf
  10. Cable News Network. Covid-19 pandemic timeline fast facts. [updated 2021 Aug 9; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/09/health/covid-19-pandemic-timeline-fast-facts/index.html
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Next steps: the road ahead for the COVID-19 response—11/04/2021 [updated 2021 Nov 4; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/next-steps-road-ahead-covid-19-response-11042021
  12. Gordon DE, Jang GM, Bouhaddou M, Xu J, Obernier K, White KM, et al. A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature 2020;583:459–68.
  13. Bakouny Z, Hawley JE, Choueiri TK, Peters S, Rini BI, Warner JL, et al. COVID-19 and cancer: current challenges and perspectives. Cancer Cell 2020;38:629–46.
  14. Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, Choe H. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022;23:3–20.
  15. Moghadas SM, Fitzpatrick MC, Sah P, Pandey A, Shoukat A, Singer BH, et al. The implications of silent transmission for the control of COVID-19 outbreaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:17513–5.
  16. Furukawa NW, Brooks JT, Sobel J. Evidence supporting transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 while presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:e201595.
  17. Wadman M, Couzin-Frankel J, Kaiser J, Matacic C. A rampage through the body. Science 2020;368:356–60.
  18. Taquet M, Dercon Q, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Husain M, Harrison PJ. Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: a 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med 2021;18:e1003773.
  19. Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo AE, Ba DM, Parsons N, Poudel GR, et al. Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2128568.
  20. Westblade LF, Brar G, Pinheiro LC, Paidoussis D, Rajan M, Martin P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts mortality in patients with and without cancer who are hospitalized with COVID-19. Cancer Cell 2020;38:661–71.
  21. Bhardwaj A, Sapra L, Saini C, Azam Z, Mishra PK, Verma B, et al. COVID-19: Immunology, immunopathogenesis and potential therapies. Int Rev Immunol 2021 Feb 27 [Epub ahead of print].
  22. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:363–74.
  23. Zong Z, Wei Y, Ren J, Zhang L, Zhou F. The intersection of COVID-19 and cancer: signaling pathways and treatment implications. Mol Cancer 2021;20:76.
  24. Iovino L, Thur LA, Gnjatic S, Chapuis A, Milano F, Hill JA. Shared inflammatory pathways and therapeutic strategies in COVID-19 and cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021;9:e002392.
  25. Douillet D, Riou J, Penaloza A, Moumneh T, Soulie C, Savary D, et al. Risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in mild and moderate COVID-19: a comparison of two prospective European cohorts. Thromb Res 2021;208:4–10.
  26. Hampton T. Autoantibodies may drive COVID-19 blood clots. JAMA 2021;325:425.
  27. Norooznezhad AH, Mansouri K. Endothelial cell dysfunction, coagulation, and angiogenesis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Microvasc Res 2021;137:104188.
  28. Smadja DM, Mentzer SJ, Fontenay M, Laffan MA, Ackermann M, Helms J, et al. COVID-19 is a systemic vascular hemopathy: insight for mechanistic and clinical aspects. Angiogenesis 2021;24:755–88.
  29. Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Greenplate AR, Wu JE, et al. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science 2020;369:eabc8511.
  30. Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Ittner CAG, Weisman AR, et al. Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2020;5:eabd7114.
  31. Carvalho T, Krammer F, Iwasaki A. The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights. Nat Rev Immunol 2021;21:245–56.
  32. Winheim E, Rinke L, Lutz K, Reischer A, Leutbecher A, Wolfram L, et al. Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19. PLoS Pathog 2021;17:e1009742.
  33. Kaneko N, Kuo HH, Boucau J, Farmer JR, Allard-Chamard H, Mahajan VS, et al. Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. Cell 2020;183:143–57.
  34. Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Nguyen DC, Cashman KS, Saini AS, Haddad NS, et al. Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2020;21:1506–16.
  35. Vella LA, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Diorio C, Kuri-Cervantes L, et al. Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2021;6:eabf7570.
  36. Anderson EM, Diorio C, Goodwin EC, McNerney KO, Weirick ME, Gouma S, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021;10:669–73.
  37. NIH. NIH effort seeks to understand MIS-C, range of SARS-CoV-2 effects on children. [updated 2021 Mar 2; cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-effort-seeks-understand-mis-c-range-sars-cov-2-effects-children
  38. Sengupta R, Zaidi SK. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2021: discovery science driving clinical breakthroughs. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:5757–9.
  39. Sinha S, Kundu CN. Cancer and COVID-19: why are cancer patients more susceptible to COVID-19? Med Oncol 2021;38:101.
  40. Stopsack KH, Mucci LA, Antonarakis ES, Nelson PS, Kantoff PW. TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: serendipity or opportunity for intervention? Cancer Discov 2020;10:779–82.
  41. Chakravarty D, Nair SS, Hammouda N, Ratnani P, Gharib Y, Wagaskar V, et al. Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2020;3:374.
  42. Derosa L, Melenotte C, Griscelli F, Gachot B, Marabelle A, Kroemer G, et al. The immuno-oncological challenge of COVID-19. Nat Cancer 2020;1:946–64.
  43. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2018: harnessing research discoveries for patient benefit. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:4351.
  44. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 Map. [updated 2022 Jan 13; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  45. Aburto JM, Scholey J, Kashnitsky I, Zhang L, Rahal C, Missov TI, et al. Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries. Int J Epidemiol 2021 Sep 26 [Epub ahead of print].
  46. Andrasfay T, Goldman N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118:e2014746118.
  47. World Health Organization. COVID-19 weekly epidemiological update [updated 2022 Jan 11; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19—11-january-2022
  48. Zhang J, Xiao T, Cai Y, Lavine CL, Peng H, Zhu H, et al. Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. Science 2021;374:1353–60.
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker [updated 2020 Mar 28; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker
  50. Taylor CA, Patel K, Pham H, Whitaker M, Anglin O, Kambhampati AK, et al. Severity of disease among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 before and during the period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) predominance – COVID-NET, 14 States, January–August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1513–9.
  51. Callaway E. Heavily mutated Omicron variant puts scientists on alert. Nature 2021;600:21.
  52. World Health Organization. Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern [updated 2021 Nov 26; cited 2021 Dec 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern
  53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Omicron variant: what you need to know. [updated 2021 Dec 19; cited 2021 Dec 19]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html
  54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant — United States, December 1–8, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1731–4.
  55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Science brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant [updated 2021 Dec 7; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scientific-brief-omicron-variant.html
  56. Cathcart AL, Havenar-Daughton C, Lempp FA, Ma D, Schmid MA, Agostini ML, et al. The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2021 Dec 15 [Epub ahead of print].
  57. Dejnirattisai W, Shaw RH, Supasa P, Liu C, Stuart AS, Pollard AJ, et al. Reduced neutralisation of SARS-COV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 variant by post-immunisation serum. Lancet 2021;399:234–36.
  58. Wilhelm A, Widera M, Grikscheit K, Toptan T, Schenk B, Pallas C, et al. Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by vaccine sera and monoclonal antibodies. Cell 2021;184:2201–11.
  59. Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, et al. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa. medRxiv 2021 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print].
  60. Christie B. Covid-19: early studies give hope Omicron is milder than other variants. BMJ 2021;375:n3144.
  61. Abdullah F, Myers J, Basu D, Tintinger G, Ueckermann V, Mathebula M, et al. Decreased severity of disease during the first global Omicron variant covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in Tshwane, South Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2021;116:38–42.
  62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Omicron variant: what you need to know [updated 2022 Jan 5; cited 2022 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/omicron-variant.html
  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions [updated 2021 Nov 16; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html
  64. World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants [updated 2022 Jan 10; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
  65. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR Cancer Disparities Progress Report 2020: achieving the bold vision of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities and other underserved populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:1843.
  66. NIH. NOT-OD-15-089: Racial and ethnic categories and definitions for NIH Diversity Programs and for other reporting purposes [updated 2015 Apr 8; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-15-089.html
  67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death by race/ethnicity [updated 2021 Nov 22; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html
  68. COVID-NET. COVID-19 hospitalizations [updated 2022 Jan 1; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/covidnet/covid19_3.html
  69. Shiels MS, Haque AT, Haozous EA, Albert PS, Almeida JS, Garcia-Closas M, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic, March to December 2020. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:1693–9.
  70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disparities in COVID-19-associated hospitalizations [updated 2021 Nov 22; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/racial-ethnic-disparities/disparities-hospitalization.html
  71. Newman LA, Winn RA, Carethers JM. Similarities in risk for COVID-19 and cancer disparities. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:24–7.
  72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups [updated 2021 Aug 20; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html
  73. Carethers JM. Insights into disparities observed with COVID-19. J Intern Med 2021;289:463–73.
  74. Miller S, Wherry LR, Mazumder B. Estimated mortality increases during the COVID-19 pandemic by socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity. Health Aff (Millwood) 2021;40:1252–60.
  75. Magesh S, John D, Li WT, Li Y, Mattingly-App A, Jain S, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 outcomes by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2134147.
  76. Saini G, Swahn MH, Aneja R. Disentangling the coronavirus disease 2019 health disparities in African Americans: biological, environmental, and social factors. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8:ofab064.
  77. Webb Hooper M, Napoles AM, Perez-Stable EJ. COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA 2020;323:2466–7.
  78. Horner KM, Wrigley-Field E, Leider JP. A first look: disparities in COVID-19 mortality among US-born and foreign-born Minnesota residents. Popul Res Policy Rev 2021 Aug 2 [Epub ahead of print].
  79. IDSA and HIVMA. COVID-19 policy brief: disparities among immigrant populations in the United States [updated 2020 Sep 10; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/public-health/covid-19/covid19-health-disparaties-in-immigrant-populations_final.pdf.
  80. Ossom-Williamson P, Williams IM, Kim K, Kindratt TB. Reporting and availability of COVID-19 demographic data by US Health Departments (April to October 2020): observational study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021;7:e24288.
  81. NIH. RADx programs [updated 2021 Nov 16; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/radx/radx-programs#radx-up.
  82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with certain medical conditions [updated 2021 Nov 24; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html.
  83. Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, Marder EP, Raz KM, El Burai Felix S, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance – United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:759–65.
  84. NCI. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program [updated 2022 Jan 8; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/index.html.
  85. Wu AJ, Aris IM, Hivert MF, Rocchio C, Cocoros NM, Klompas M, et al. Association of changes in obesity prevalence with the COVID-19 pandemic in youth in Massachusetts. JAMA Pediatr 2021 Dec 13 [Epub ahead of print].
  86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obesity, race/ethnicity, and COVID-19 [updated 2021 Nov 12; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/obesity-and-covid-19.html.
  87. Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette report for 2020 [updated 2021 Jan 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2020-smokeless-tobacco-report-2020/p114508fy20cigarettereport.pdf.
  88. Sattar N, Valabhji J. Obesity as a risk factor for severe COVID-19: summary of the best evidence and implications for health care. Curr Obes Rep 2021;10:282–9.
  89. Wadman M. Why COVID-19 is more deadly in people with obesity—even if they’re young. Science; 2021. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/why-covid-19-more-deadly-people-obesity-even-if-theyre-young.
  90. Lange SJ, Kompaniyets L, Freedman DS, Kraus EM, Porter R, DNP3, et al. Longitudinal trends in body mass index before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among persons aged 2-19 Years – United States, 2018-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1278–83.
  91. Callaway E. The quest to find genes that drive severe COVID. Nature 2021;595:346–8.
  92. Zeberg H, Paabo S. The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals. Nature 2020;587:610–2.
  93. COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19. Nature 2021;600:472–7.
  94. Carapito R, Li R, Helms J, Carapito C, Gujja S, Rolli V, et al. Identification of driver genes for critical forms of COVID-19 in a deeply phenotyped young patient cohort. Sci Transl Med 2021;14:eabj7521
  95. Wickenhagen A, Sugrue E, Lytras S, Kuchi S, Noerenberg M, Turnbull ML, et al. A prenylated dsRNA sensor protects against severe COVID-19. Science 2021;374:eabj3624
  96. Kaiser J. Found: genes that sway the course of the coronavirus. Science 2020;370:275–6.
  97. Downes DJ, Cross AR, Hua P, Roberts N, Schwessinger R, Cutler AJ, et al. Identification of LZTFL1 as a candidate effector gene at a COVID-19 risk locus. Nat Genet 2021;53:1606–15.
  98. Severe Covid-19 GWAS Group, Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, et al. Genomewide association study of severe Covid-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1522–34.
  99. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Cai Y, Deng A, Yang M. Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Br J Haematol 2020;190:24–7.
  100. Barnkob MB, Pottegard A, Stovring H, Haunstrup TM, Homburg K, Larsen R, et al. Reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ABO blood group O. Blood Adv 2020;4:4990–3.
  101. Dzik S, Eliason K, Morris EB, Kaufman RM, North CM. COVID-19 and ABO blood groups. Transfusion 2020;60:1883–4.
  102. Anderson JL, May HT, Knight S, Bair TL, Muhlestein JB, Knowlton KU, et al. Association of sociodemographic factors and blood group type with risk of COVID-19 in a US population. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e217429.
  103. Bai Y, Yan Z, Murray EJ. Systematic review of the association between ABO blood type and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. medRxiv 2021 23 Apr [Epub ahead of print].
  104. Couzin-Frankel J. A cancer survivor had the longest documented COVID-19 infection. Here’s what scientists learned. Science. 2021 Oct 19. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/cancer-survivor-had-longest-documented-covid-19-infection-here-s-what-scientists-learned.
  105. Avanzato VA, Matson MJ, Seifert SN, Pryce R, Williamson BN, Anzick SL, et al. Case study: prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised individual with cancer. Cell 2020;183:1901–12.
  106. Siqueira JD, Goes LR, Alves BM, de Carvalho PS, Cicala C, Arthos J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 genomic analyses in cancer patients reveal elevated intrahost genetic diversity. Virus Evol 2021;7:veab013.
  107. Corey L, Beyrer C, Cohen MS, Michael NL, Bedford T, Rolland M. SARS-CoV-2 variants in patients with immunosuppression. N Engl J Med 2021;385:562–6.
  108. Abbasi J. The flawed science of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 immunity. JAMA 2021;326:1781–2.
  109. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Coronavirus testing basics [updated 2021 Dec 27; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/coronavirus-disease-2019-testing-basics.
  110. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Testing for COVID-19 [updated 2021 Nov 16; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/index.html.
  111. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In vitro diagnostics EUAs [updated 2021 Nov 15; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/in-vitro-diagnostics-euas.
  112. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 contact tracing [updated 2021 Oct 21; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/contact-tracing.html.
  113. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 quarantine and isolation [updated 2021 Nov 26; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/quarantine-isolation.html.
  114. Thomas Craig KJ, Rizvi R, Willis VC, Kassler WJ, Jackson GP. Effectiveness of contact tracing for viral disease mitigation and suppression: evidence-based review. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021;7:e32468.
  115. Chengane S, Cheney A, Garth S, Medcalf S. The COVID-19 response in Nebraska: how students answered the call. Prev Chronic Dis 2020;17:E81.
  116. Koetter P, Pelton M, Gonzalo J, Du P, Exten C, Bogale K, et al. Implementation and process of a COVID-19 contact tracing initiative: leveraging health professional students to extend the workforce during a pandemic. Am J Infect Control 2020;48:1451–6.
  117. Servick K. COVID-19 contact tracing apps are coming to a phone near you. How will we know whether they work? | Science. 2020 May 20. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/countries-around-world-are-rolling-out-contact-tracing-apps-contain-coronavirus-how.
  118. Wacksman J. Digitalization of contact tracing: balancing data privacy with public health benefit. Ethics Inf Technol 2021 Jun 10 [Epub ahead of print].
  119. Elkhodr M, Mubin O, Iftikhar Z, Masood M, Alsinglawi B, Shahid S, et al. Technology, privacy, and user opinions of COVID-19 mobile apps for contact tracing: systematic search and content analysis. J Med Internet Res 2021;23:e23467.
  120. Almalki M, Giannicchi A. Health apps for combating COVID-19: descriptive review and taxonomy. JMIR Publications 2021;9:e24322.
  121. Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1037–40.
  122. Drew DA, Nguyen LH, Steves CJ, Menni C, Freydin M, Varsavsky T, et al. Rapid implementation of mobile technology for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19. Science 2020;368:1362–7.
  123. Shah MA, Mayer S, Emlen F, Sholle E, Christos P, Cushing M, et al. Clinical screening for COVID-19 in asymptomatic patients with cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2023121.
  124. Haradaa G, Antonacio FF, Gongora AB, Behar MH, Capareli FC, Bastos DA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 testing for asymptomatic adult cancer patients before initiating systemic treatments: a systematic review. Ecancermedicalscience 2020;14:1100.
  125. Yekeduz E, Utkan G, Urun Y. Commentary: should all cancer patients be tested for COVID-19 before each chemotherapy cycle? J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021;27:450–2.
  126. Madariaga A, McMullen M, Sheikh S, Kumar R, Liu FF, Zimmermann C, et al. COVID-19 testing in patients with cancer: does one size fit all? Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:4737–42.
  127. Messing I, Rao YJ, Scully D, Ojong-Ntui M, Goyal S, Huynh-Le MP. COVID-19 Testing trends: preradiation and throughout cancer care. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021;111:e359.
  128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use masks to help slow spread [updated 2021 Sep 14; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html.
  129. Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, Gasevic D, Maharaj A, Ademi Z, et al. Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2021;375:e068302.
  130. Goel RR, Painter MM, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, et al. mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Science 2021;374:abm0829.
  131. Wherry EJ, Jaffee EM, Warren N, D’Souza G, Ribas A, AACR COVID-19 and Cancer Task Force. How did we get a COVID-19 vaccine in less than 1 year? Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:2136–8.
  132. Schneider EC, Shah A, Sah P, Moghadas SM, Vilches T, Galvani A. The U.S. COVID-19 vaccination program at one year: how many deaths and hospitalizations were averted? The Commonwealth Fund; 2021. Available from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2021/dec/us-covid-19-vaccination-program-one-year-how-many-deaths-and.
  133. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Different COVID-19 vaccines [updated 2021 Nov 24; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines.html.
  134. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding how COVID-19 vaccines work [updated 2021 Nov 24; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/how-they-work.html.
  135. Painter MM, Mathew D, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Pattekar A, Kuthuru O, et al. Rapid induction of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells is associated with coordinated humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Immunity 2021;54:2133–42.
  136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Developing COVID-19 vaccines [updated 2021 Sep 10; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/distributing/steps-ensure-safety.html.
  137. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccines work [updated 2021 Nov 9; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/work.html.
  138. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker [updated 2020 Mar 28; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker.
  139. Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol 2021;21:626–36.
  140. Woldemeskel BA, Garliss CC, Blankson JN. mRNA vaccine-elicited SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells persist at 6 months and recognize the Delta variant. Clin Infect Dis 2021 Oct 25 [Epub ahead of print].
  141. Grannis SJ, Rowley EA, Ong TC, Stenehjem E, Klein NP, DeSilva MB, et al. Interim estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated emergency department or urgent care clinic encounters and hospitalizations among adults during SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant predominance – nine States, June–August 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1291–3.
  142. Harvey WT, Carabelli AM, Jackson B, Gupta RK, Thomson EC, Harrison EM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021;19:409–24.
  143. Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, Murphy CC, Krigbaum NY, Wallace AW. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection and deaths among US veterans during 2021. Science 2021 Nov 4 [Epub ahead of print].
  144. Barda N, Dagan N, Cohen C, Hernan MA, Lipsitch M, Kohane IS, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study. Lancet 2021;398:2093–100.
  145. The Milken Institute. COVID-19 Vaccine visualization [updated 2022 Jan 5; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.covid-19vaccinetracker.org/.
  146. Pingali C, Meghani M, Razzaghi H, Lamias MJ, Weintraub E, Kenigsberg TA, et al. COVID-19 vaccination coverage among insured persons aged 16 Years, by race/ethnicity and other selected characteristics – eight integrated health care organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–May 15, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:985–90.
  147. Sacarny A, Daw JR. Inequities in COVID-19 vaccination rates in the 9 largest US cities. JAMA Health Forum 2021;2:e212415.
  148. Murthy BP, Sterrett N, Weller D, Zell E, Reynolds L, Toblin RL, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination coverage between urban and rural counties – United States, December 14, 2020–April 10, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:759–64.
  149. Carethers JM. Rectifying COVID-19 disparities with treatment and vaccination. JCI Insight 2021;6:e147800.
  150. Thakkar A, Gonzalez-Lugo JD, Goradia N, Gali R, Shapiro LC, Pradhan K, et al. Seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination among patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1081–90.
  151. Embi PJ, Levy ME, Naleway AL, Patel P, Gaglani M, Natarajan K, et al. Effectiveness of 2-dose vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among immunocompromised adults – nine states, January–September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1553–9.
  152. Monin L, Laing AG, Munoz-Ruiz M, McKenzie DR, Del Molino Del Barrio I, Alaguthurai T, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of one versus two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 for patients with cancer: interim analysis of a prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:765–78.
  153. Palich R, Veyri M, Marot S, Vozy A, Gligorov J, Maingon P, et al. Weak immunogenicity after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in treated cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2021;32:1051–3.
  154. Eliakim-Raz N, Massarweh A, Stemmer A, Stemmer SM. Durability of response to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccination in patients on active anticancer treatment. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:1716–8.
  155. Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, Cole D, Goldfinger M, Acuna-Villaorduna A, et al. Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York Hospital System. Cancer Discov 2020;10:935–41.
  156. Nguyen NT, Chinn J, Nahmias J, Yuen S, Kirby KA, Hohmann S, et al. Outcomes and mortality among adults hospitalized with COVID-19 at US Medical Centers. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e210417.
  157. NIH. Information on COVID-19 treatment, prevention and research [updated 2022 Jan 5; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/.
  158. US Department of Health and Human Services. Possible treatment options for COVID-19 [updated 2021 Jun 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: http://combatcovid.hhs.gov/possible-treatment-options-covid-19.
  159. New York Times. Coronavirus drug and treatment tracker. [updated 2020 Jul 16, cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-drugs-treatments.html.
  160. Korley FK, Durkalski-Mauldin V, Yeatts SD, Schulman K, Davenport RD, Dumont LJ, et al. Early convalescent plasma for high-risk outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1951–60.,
  161. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of PF-07321332/ritonavir in nonhospitalized high risk adult participants with COVID-19 [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04960202.
  162. Mahase E. Covid-19: Molnupiravir reduces risk of hospital admission or death by 50% in patients at risk, MSD reports. BMJ 2021;375:n2422.
  163. US Department of Health and Human Services. Clinical Trials [updated 2021 Jun 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://combatcovid.hhs.gov/joinaclinicaltrial
  164. NIH. Accelrating COVID-19 therapeutic interventions and vaccines (ACTIV) [updated 2020 Apr 17; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/activ.
  165. RECOVERYtrial.net. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy trial [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.recoverytrial.net/.
  166. World Health Organization. WHO’s Solidarity clinical trial enters a new phase with three new candidate drugs [updated 2021 Aug 11; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/11-08-2021-who-s-solidarity-clinical-trial-enters-a-new-phase-with-three-new-candidate-drugs.
  167. Poh A. Repurposing cancer drugs for COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2020;10:OF2.
  168. Aldea M, Michot JM, Danlos FX, Ribas A, Soria JC. Repurposing of anticancer drugs expands possibilities for antiviral and anti-inflammatory discovery in COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2021;11:1336–44.
  169. Zaki MM, Lesha E, Said K, Kiaee K, Robinson-McCarthy L, George H, et al. Cell therapy strategies for COVID-19: current approaches and potential applications. Sci Adv 2021;7:eabg5995.
  170. Shi L, Wang L, Xu R, Zhang C, Xie Y, Liu K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for severe COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021;6:339.
  171. Pommeret F, Colomba J, Bigenwald C, Laparra A, Bockel S, Bayle A, et al. Bamlanivimab + etesevimab therapy induces SARS-CoV-2 immune escape mutations and secondary clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients with B-cell malignancies. Ann Oncol 2021;32:1445–7.
  172. Dolgin E. Cancer labs pivot to battle COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2020;10:634.
  173. NCI. NCI’s COVID-19 research initiatives [updated 2020 May 21; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives.
  174. NCI. Serological Sciences Network for COVID-19 (SeroNet) – NCI [updated 2020 May 29; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/serological-sciences-network.
  175. Ebinger JE, Fert-Bober J, Printsev I, Wu M, Sun N, Prostko JC, et al. Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2021;27:981–4.
  176. Canaday DH, Carias L, Oyebanji OA, Keresztesy D, Wilk D, Payne M, et al. Reduced BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-naive nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73:2112–5.
  177. NCI. In people with cancer, responses to COVID-19 vaccines vary [updated 2021 May 27; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/covid-vaccine-limited-protection-in-cancer-patients.
  178. Tarke A, Sidney J, Methot N, Yu ED, Zhang Y, Dan JM, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals. Cell Rep Med 2021;2:100355.
  179. Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, et al. Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. Nature 2021;596:268–72.
  180. Edara VV, Pinsky BA, Suthar MS, Lai L, Davis-Gardner ME, Floyd K, et al. Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing-antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 variants. N Engl J Med 2021;385:664–6.
  181. Montopoli M, Zumerle S, Vettor R, Rugge M, Zorzi M, Catapano CV, et al. Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532). Ann Oncol 2020;31:1040–5
  182. Patel VG, Zhong X, Liaw B, Tremblay D, Tsao CK, Galsky MD, et al. Does androgen deprivation therapy protect against severe complications from COVID-19? Ann Oncol 2020;31:1419–20.
  183. Schmidt AL, Tucker MD, Bakouny Z, Labaki C, Hsu CY, Shyr Y, et al. Association between androgen deprivation therapy and mortality among patients with prostate cancer and COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2134330.
  184. Tessmer MS, Flaherty KT. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2017: harnessing research discoveries to save lives. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23:5325.
  185. Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science 2020;368:473–4.
  186. Agarwal S, June CH. Harnessing CAR T-cell insights to develop treatments for hyperinflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19. Cancer Discov 2020;10:775–8.
  187. Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med 2020;26:1636–43.
  188. NCI. Cancer researchers working on COVID-19 studies [updated 2021 Feb 12; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/cancer-researchers-covid-19-studies.
  189. Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L. mRNA vaccine era—mechanisms, drug platform and clinical prospection. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:6582.
  190. Kwok M, Fritsch EF, Wu CJ. Cancer and COVID-19: on the quest for effective vaccines. Blood Cancer Discov 2021;2:13–8.
  191. Xu X, Chen W, Zhu W, Chen J, Ma B, Ding J, et al. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy for glioblastoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021;21:76.
  192. Dolgin E. How cancer vaccine tech shaped COVID response. Cancer Discov 2021;11:218.
  193. Dolgin E. The tangled history of mRNA vaccines. Nature 2021;597:318–24.
  194. Sahin U, Kariko K, Tureci O. mRNA-based therapeutics–developing a new class of drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014;13:759–80.
  195. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Cancer Progress Report [updated 2021 Oct 18; cited 2021 Dec 19]. Available from: https://cancerprogressreport.aacr.org/progress/.
  196. Costa B, Vale N. A review of repurposed cancer drugs in clinical trials for potential treatment of COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021;13:185.
  197. El Bairi K, Trapani D, Petrillo A, Le Page C, Zbakh H, Daniele B, et al. Repurposing anticancer drugs for the management of COVID-19. Eur J Cancer 2020;141:40–61.
  198. Rada M, Qusairy Z, Massip-Salcedo M, Macip S. Relevance of the Bruton tyrosine kinase as a target for COVID-19 therapy. Mol Cancer Res 2021;19:549–54.
  199. Lo CKL, Chagla Z. In patients hospitalized for COVID-19, tocilizumab reduces mortality at 28 d. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:JC125.
  200. Gupta S, Leaf DE. Tocilizumab in COVID-19: some clarity amid controversy. Lancet 2021;397:1599–601.
  201. The WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group, Shankar-Hari M, Vale CL, Godolphin PJ, Fisher D, Higgins JPT, et al. Association between administration of IL-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2021;326:499–518.
  202. Munn LL, Stylianopoulos T, Jain NK, Hardin CC, Khandekar MJ, Jain RK. Vascular normalization to improve treatment of COVID-19: lessons from treatment of cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:2706–11.
  203. Karimi A, Nowroozi A, Alilou S, Amini E. Effects of androgen deprivation therapy on COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol J 2021;18:577–84.
  204. Ribas A, Sengupta R, Locke T, Zaidi SK, Campbell KM, Carethers JM, et al. Priority COVID-19 vaccination for patients with cancer while vaccine supply is limited. Cancer Discov 2021;11:233–6.
  205. Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, Shyr Y, Rubinstein SM, Rivera DR, et al. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1907–18.
  206. Garcia-Suarez J, de la Cruz J, Cedillo A, Llamas P, Duarte R, Jimenez-Yuste V, et al. Impact of hematologic malignancy and type of cancer therapy on COVID-19 severity and mortality: lessons from a large population-based registry study. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:133.
  207. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 2020;584:430–6.
  208. Rivera DR, Peters S, Panagiotou OA, Shah DP, Kuderer NM, Hsu CY, et al. Utilization of COVID-19 treatments and clinical outcomes among patients with cancer: a COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) Cohort Study. Cancer Discov 2020;10:1514–27.
  209. Liu C, Wang K, Li L, Lv Q, Liu Y, Hu T, et al. Severity of COVID-19 in cancer patients versus patients without Cancer: a propensity score matching analysis. J Cancer 2021;12:3558–65.
  210. Wang Q, Berger NA, Xu R. Analyses of risk, racial disparity, and outcomes among US patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:220–7.
  211. Palmieri C, Turtle L, Drake T, Harrison E, Docherty A, Greenhalf B, et al. LBA60 Prospective data of >20,000 hospitalised patients with cancer and COVID-19 derived from the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium: CCP-CANCER UK. Ann Oncol 2021;32:S1337.
  212. Assaad S, Zrounba P, Cropet C, ONCOVID-19 Study Consortium, Blay JY. Mortality of patients with solid and haematological cancers presenting with symptoms of COVID-19 with vs without detectable SARS-COV-2: a French nationwide prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 2021;125:658–71.
  213. Nagaraj G, Accordino MK, French B, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH, Stover DG, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities among patients with breast cancer and COVID-19. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:6500.
  214. Fu C, Stoeckle JH, Masri L, Pandey A, Cao M, Littman D, et al. COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients with active cancer: experiences from a major New York City Health Care System. Cancer 2021;127:3466–75.
  215. Pistor M, Hoepner AGF, Lin Y, Jung S, Bassetti CL, Chan A, et al. Immunotherapies and COVID-19 mortality: a multidisciplinary open data analysis based on FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System. Ann Rheum Dis 2021;80:1633-5.
  216. Yang B, Choi H, Lee SK, Chung SJ, Yeo Y, Shin YM, et al. Risk of coronavirus disease 2019 occurrence, severe presentation, and mortality in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2021;53:678–84.
  217. Lee LY, Cazier JB, Angelis V, Arnold R, Bisht V, Campton NA, et al. COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1919–26.
  218. Belsky JA, Tullius BP, Lamb MG, Sayegh R, Stanek JR, Auletta JJ. COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review of cancer, hematopoietic cell, and solid organ transplant patients. J Infect 2021;82:329–38.
  219. Au L, Boos LA, Swerdlow A, Byrne F, Shepherd STC, Fendler A, et al. Cancer, COVID-19, and antiviral immunity: the CAPTURE study. Cell 2020;183:4–10.
  220. Fendler A, Au L, Shepherd S, Byrne F, Cerrone M, Boos L, et al. Functional antibody and T-cell immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including by variants of concern, in patients with cancer: the CAPTURE study. Res Sq 2021 Sep 20 [Epub ahead of print].
  221. Jones JM, Faruqi AJ, Sullivan JK, Calabrese C, Calabrese LH. COVID-19 Outcomes in patients undergoing B cell depletion therapy and those with humoral immunodeficiency states: a scoping review. Pathog Immun 2021;6:76–103.
  222. Lee LYW, Cazier JB, Starkey T, Briggs SEW, Arnold R, Bisht V, et al. COVID-19 prevalence and mortality in patients with cancer and the effect of primary tumour subtype and patient demographics: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:1309–16.
  223. Pinato DJ, Lee AJX, Biello F, Segui E, Aguilar-Company J, Carbo A, et al. Presenting features and early mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:1841.
  224. Pinato DJ, Zambelli A, Aguilar-Company J, Bower M, Sng C, Salazar R, et al. Clinical portrait of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in European cancer patients. Cancer Discov 2020;10:1465–74.
  225. Maringe C, Spicer J, Morris M, Purushotham A, Nolte E, Sullivan R, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis in England, UK: a national, population-based, modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:1023–34.
  226. Baena Espinar J, Torri V, Whisenant J, Hirsch FR, Rogado J, de Castro Carpeño J, et al. LBA75 Defining COVID-19 outcomes in thoracic cancer patients: TERAVOLT (Thoracic cancERs international coVid 19 cOLlaboraTion). Ann Oncol 2020;31:S1204–5.
  227. Wise-Draper TM, Desai A, Elkrief A, Rini BI, Flora DB, Bowles DW, et al. LBA71 Systemic cancer treatment-related outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a CCC19 registry analysis. Ann Oncol 2020;31:S1201–2.
  228. Grivas P, Warner J, Shyr Y, Shah D, Rubinstein SM, Kuderer NM, et al. LBA72 Assessment of clinical and laboratory prognostic factors in patients with cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection: the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19). Ann Oncol 2020;31:S1202–3.
  229. Roel E, Pistillo A, Recalde M, Sena AG, Fernandez-Bertolin S, Aragon M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of over 300,000 patients with COVID-19 and history of cancer in the United States and Spain. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:1884–94.
  230. He W, Chen L, Chen L, Yuan G, Fang Y, Chen W, et al. COVID-19 in persons with haematological cancers. Leukemia 2020;34:1637–45.
  231. Aries JA, Davies JK, Auer RL, Hallam SL, Montoto S, Smith M, et al. Clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 in haemato-oncology patients. Br J Haematol 2020;190:e64–e7.
  232. Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, Bruna R, Cavo M, Merli F, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol 2020;7:e737–e45.
  233. Pinana JL, Martino R, Garcia-Garcia I, Parody R, Morales MD, Benzo G, et al. Risk factors and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2020;9:21.
  234. Martin-Moro F, Marquet J, Piris M, Michael BM, Saez AJ, Corona M, et al. Survival study of hospitalised patients with concurrent COVID-19 and haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2020;190:e16–20.
  235. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov 2020;10:783–91.
  236. Fillmore NR, La J, Szalat RE, Tuck DP, Nguyen V, Yildirim C, et al. Prevalence and outcome of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients: a National Veterans Affairs Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:691–8.
  237. Vijenthira A, Gong IY, Fox TA, Booth S, Cook G, Fattizzo B, et al. Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients. Blood 2020;136:2881–92.
  238. Wood WA, Neuberg DS, Thompson JC, Tallman MS, Sekeres MA, Sehn LH, et al. Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: a report from the ASH Research Collaborative Data Hub. Blood Adv 2020;4:5966–75.
  239. Duffy EC, Fan K, Advani S, Bailey C, Black JRM, Strauss E, et al. Abstract S12-02: Comprehensive meta-analysis of COVID-19 mortality rates for 22 cancer subtypes from the Reboot: COVID-Cancer Project, an interactive resource with aggregated data from 21,839 cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3–5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2021. Abstract nr S12-02.
  240. Sharafeldin N, Bates B, Song Q, Madhira V, Yan Y, Dong S, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with cancer: report from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). J Clin Oncol 2021;39:2232–46
  241. Pagano L, Salmanton-Garcia J, Marchesi F, Busca A, Corradini P, Hoenigl M, et al. COVID-19 infection in adult patients with hematological malignancies: a European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA). J Hematol Oncol 2021;14:168
  242. NCI. Definition of meta-analysis – NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms [updated 2011 Feb 2; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/meta-analysis.
  243. Yang K, Sheng Y, Huang C, Jin Y, Xiong N, Jiang K, et al. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:904–13.
  244. Miyashita H, Mikami T, Chopra N, Yamada T, Chernyavsky S, Rizk D, et al. Do patients with cancer have a poorer prognosis of COVID-19? An experience in New York City. Ann Oncol 2020;31:1088–9.
  245. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:335–7.
  246. Verma A, Goh SK, Tai DYH, Kor AC, Soo CI, Seow DGF, et al. Outcome of advanced lung cancer with central airway obstruction versus without central airway obstruction. ERJ Open Res 2018;4:00173–2017.
  247. Skok K, Hladnik G, Grm A, Crnjac A. Malignant pleural effusion and its current management: a review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019;55:490.
  248. Rendeiro AF, Ravichandran H, Bram Y, Chandar V, Kim J, Meydan C, et al. The spatial landscape of lung pathology during COVID-19 progression. Nature 2021;593:564–9.
  249. Umnuaypornlert A, Kanchanasurakit S, Lucero-Prisno DEI, Saokaew S. Smoking and risk of negative outcomes among COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2021;19:09.
  250. Lemos AEG, Silva GR, Gimba ERP, Matos ADR. Susceptibility of lung cancer patients to COVID-19: a review of the pandemic data from multiple nationalities. Thorac Cancer 2021;12:2637–47.
  251. Stroppa EM, Toscani I, Citterio C, Anselmi E, Zaffignani E, Codeluppi M, et al. Coronavirus disease-2019 in cancer patients. A report of the first 25 cancer patients in a western country (Italy). Future Oncol 2020;16:1425–32.
  252. Yang F, Shi S, Zhu J, Shi J, Dai K, Chen X. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020;92:2067–73.
  253. de Melo AC, Thuler LCS, da Silva JL, de Albuquerque LZ, Pecego AC, Rodrigues LOR, et al. Cancer inpatients with COVID-19: a report from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. PLoS One 2020;15:e0241261.
  254. Rogado J, Pangua C, Serrano-Montero G, Obispo B, Marino AM, Perez-Perez M, et al. Covid-19 and lung cancer: a greater fatality rate? Lung Cancer 2020;146:19–22.
  255. Kulkarni AA, Wilson G, Fujioka N, Patel MR. Mortality from COVID-19 in patients with lung cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2021;7:31.
  256. Lei H, Yang Y, Zhou W, Zhang M, Shen Y, Tao D, et al. Higher mortality in lung cancer patients with COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2021;157:60–5.
  257. American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association. Children and COVID-19: State Data Report [updated 2021 Oct 7; cited 2021 Nov 17]. Available from: https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/AAP%20and%20CHA%20-%20Children%20and%20COVID-19%20State%20Data%20Report%2010.7%20FINAL.pdf.
  258. Connelly JA, Chong H, Esbenshade AJ, Frame D, Failing C, Secord E, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on pediatric immunocompromised patients. Pediatr Clin North Am 2021;68:1029–54.
  259. Moreira DC, Millen GC, Sands S, Kearns PR, Hawkins DS. The care of children with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021;41:1–10.
  260. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20200702.
  261. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;323:1239–42.
  262. Bellino S, Punzo O, Rota MC, Del Manso M, Urdiales AM, Andrianou X, et al. COVID-19 Disease severity risk factors for pediatric patients in Italy. Pediatrics 2020;146:e2020009399.
  263. Mukkada S, Bhakta N, Chantada GL, Chen Y, Vedaraju Y, Faughnan L, et al. Global characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents with cancer (GRCCC): a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:1416–26.
  264. ClinicalTrials.gov. Risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute infection with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in children [updated 2021 Jul 6; cited 2021 Nov 24]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04371315.
  265. Peter N, Bandyopadhyay S, Lakhoo K, Global Health Research Group on Children’s Non-Communicable Diseases Collaborative. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric patients with cancer in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries: protocol for a multicentre, international, observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2021;11:e045679.
  266. Chavez-MacGregor M, Lei X, Zhao H, Scheet P, Giordano SH. Evaluation of COVID-19 mortality and adverse outcomes in US patients with or without cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021 Oct 28 [Epub ahead of print].
  267. Liu H, Yang D, Chen X, Sun Z, Zou Y, Chen C, et al. The effect of anticancer treatment on cancer patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2021;10:1043–56.
  268. Garassino MC, Ribas A. At the crossroads: COVID-19 and immune-checkpoint blockade for cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9:261–4.
  269. Bersanelli M. Controversies about COVID-19 and anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy 2020;12:269–73.
  270. Wu JT, La J, Branch-Elliman W, Huhmann LB, Han SS, Parmigiani G, et al. Association of COVID-19 vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with cancer: a US nationwide Veterans Affairs study. JAMA Oncol 2021 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print].
  271. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines [updated 2021 Nov 26; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html.
  272. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Recommendations of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) COVID-19 Vaccination Advisory Committee [updated 2022 Jan 4; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/docs/default-source/covid-19/2021_covid-19_vaccination_guidance_v5-0.pdf?sfvrsn=b483da2b_74.
  273. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Summary document for interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized or approved in the United States [updated 2021 Dec 21; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/downloads/summary-interim-clinical-considerations.pdf.
  274. Loew B, Tsai R, Hervey J, Hoffman KD, Novack J, Johnson J, et al. Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination among cancer patients: results from an internet-based survey. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:2621.
  275. Agha M, Blake M, Chilleo C, Wells A, Haidar G. Suboptimal response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in hematologic malignancies patients. medRxiv 2021 Apr 7 [Epub ahead of print].
  276. Mittelman M, Magen O, Barda N, Dagan N, Oster HS, Leader A, et al. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in patients with hematological neoplasms. Blood 2021 Oct 18 [Epub ahead of print].
  277. Pagano L, Salmanton-Garcia J, Marchesi F, Lopez-Garcia A, Lamure S, Itri F, et al. COVID-19 in vaccinated adult patients with hematological malignancies. Preliminary results from EPICOVIDEHA. Blood 2021 Nov 8 [Epub ahead of print].
  278. Keshavarz P, Yazdanpanah F, Rafiee F, Mizandari M. Lymphadenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination: imaging findings review. Acad Radiol 2021;28:1058–71.
  279. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccines for moderately to severely immunocompromised people [updated 2021 Nov 23; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html.
  280. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. SITC Statement on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and cancer immunotherapy [updated 2020 Dec 23; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.sitcancer.org/aboutsitc/press-releases/2020/sitc-statement-sars-cov-2-vaccination-cancer-immunotherapy.
  281. European Society for Medical Oncology. ESMO statements for vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with cancer [updated 2021 Dec 16; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.esmo.org/covid-19-and-cancer/covid-19-vaccination.
  282. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR sends letter to CDC director urging boosters for caregivers and household members to protect patients with cancer [updated 2021 Oct 18; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/aacr-sends-letter-to-cdc-director-urging-boosters-for-caregivers-and-household-members-to-protect-patients-with-cancer/.
  283. American Society for Clinical Oncology. Inclusion of individuals with cancer on COVID-19 vaccine trials: a joint position statement from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and Friends of Cancer Research [updated 2021 May 20; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.asco.org/sites/new-www.asco.org/files/content-files/blog-release/pdf/2021-ASCO-Friends-Vaccine-Trials-Position-Statement.pdf.
  284. Corti C, Crimini E, Tarantino P, Pravettoni G, Eggermont AMM, Delaloge S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for cancer patients: a call to action. Eur J Cancer 2021;148:316–27.
  285. Naranbhai V, Pernat CA, Gavralidis A, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Spring LM, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with cancer: the CANVAX cohort study. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:12–23.
  286. Fendler A, Au L, Boos LA, Byrne F, Shepherd STC, Shum B, et al. Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients: the CAPTURE study. Clin Cancer Res 2020;27
  287. AstraZeneca. What does immunogenicity mean in the context of COVID-19 vaccines? [updated 2020 Nov 19, cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.astrazeneca.com/what-science-can-do/topics/disease-understanding/what-does-immunogenicity-mean-in-the-context-of-covid-19-vaccines.html.
  288. Addeo A, Shah PK, Bordry N, Hudson RD, Albracht B, Di Marco M, et al. Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccines in patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1091–8.
  289. Ligumsky H, Safadi E, Etan T, Vaknin N, Waller M, Croll A, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine among actively treated cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Aug 21 [Epub ahead of print].
  290. Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1031–3.
  291. Ribas A, Dhodapkar MV, Campbell KM, Davies FE, Gore SD, Levy R, et al. How to provide the needed protection from COVID-19 to patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood Cancer Discov 2021;2:562–7.
  292. Herishanu Y, Avivi I, Aharon A, Shefer G, Levi S, Bronstein Y, et al. Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2021;137:3165–73.
  293. McKenzie DR, Munoz-Ruiz M, Monin L, Alaguthurai T, Lechmere T, Abdul-Jawad S, et al. Humoral and cellular immunity to delayed second dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1445–7.
  294. Parry H, McIlroy G, Bruton R, Ali M, Stephens C, Damery S, et al. Antibody responses after first and second Covid-19 vaccination in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood Cancer J 2021;11:136.
  295. Mair MJ, Berger JM, Berghoff AS, Starzer AM, Ortmayr G, Puhr HC, et al. Humoral immune response in hematooncological patients and health care workers who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. JAMA Oncol 2021 Sep 30 [Epub ahead of print].
  296. Waldhorn I, Holland R, Goshen-Lago T, Shirman Y, Szwarcwort-Cohen M, Reiner-Benaim A, et al. Six-month efficacy and toxicity profile of BNT162b2 vaccine in cancer patients with solid tumors. Cancer Discov 2021;11:2430–5.
  297. Aleman A, Upadhyaya B, Tuballes K, Kappes K, Gleason CR, Beach K, et al. Variable cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 in fully vaccinated patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1442–4.
  298. Wang L, Berger NA, Xu R. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and hospitalization in fully vaccinated patients with multiple myeloma. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2137575.
  299. Pimpinelli F, Marchesi F, Piaggio G, Giannarelli D, Papa E, Falcucci P, et al. Fifth-week immunogenicity and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma and myeloproliferative malignancies on active treatment: preliminary data from a single institution. J Hematol Oncol 2021;14:81.
  300. Avivi I, Balaban R, Shragai T, Sheffer G, Morales M, Aharon A, et al. Humoral response rate and predictors of response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID19 vaccine in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2021;195:186–93.
  301. Chung DJ, Shah GL, Devlin SM, Ramanathan LV, Doddi S, Pessin MS, et al. Disease- and therapy-specific impact on humoral immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination in hematologic malignancies. Blood Cancer Discov 2021;2:568–76.
  302. Stampfer SD, Goldwater MS, Jew S, Bujarski S, Regidor B, Daniely D, et al. Response to mRNA vaccination for COVID-19 among patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2021;35:3534–41.
  303. Gurion R, Rozovski U, Itchaki G, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovitch C, Raanani P, et al. Humoral serologic response to the BNT162b2 vaccine is abrogated in lymphoma patients within the first 12 months following treatment with anti-CD2O antibodies. Haematologica 2021 Jul 29 [Epub ahead of print].
  304. Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL. Anti-spike antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in patients with B cell-derived hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1297–9.
  305. Shapiro LC, Thakkar A, Campbell ST, Forest SK, Pradhan K, Gonzalez-Lugo JD, et al. Efficacy of booster doses in augmenting waning immune responses to COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2022;40:3–5.
  306. Shroff RT, Chalasani P, Wei R, Pennington D, Quirk G, Schoenle MV, et al. Immune responses to two and three doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adults with solid tumors. Nat Med 2021;27:2002–11.
  307. Parvathaneni K, Torres-Rodriguez K, Meng W, Hwang WT, Frey N, Naji A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific T-cell responses in patients with B-cell depletion who received chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatments. JAMA Oncol 2021 Nov 18 [Epub ahead of print].
  308. Garassino MC, Whisenant JG, Huang LC, Trama A, Torri V, Agustoni F, et al. COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, registry-based, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:914–22.
  309. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. COVID-19 vaccine effective in patients with lung cancer; 2021. Available from: https://www.iaslc.org/iaslc-news/press-release/covid-19-vaccine-effective-patients-lung-cancer-results-french-study#:~:text=In%20a%20new%20study%20published,are%20immunized%20after%20two%20doses.
  310. Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Largest study to date demonstrates most blood cancer patients benefit from a third primary dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [updated 2021 Dec 13; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.lls.org/news/largest-study-date-demonstrates-most-blood-cancer-patients-benefit-third-primary-dose-mrna.
  311. Farcet MR, Karbiener M, Schwaiger J, Ilk R, Kreil TR. Rapidly increasing SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by intravenous immunoglobulins produced from plasma collected during the 2020 Pandemic. J Infect Dis 2021 Mar 16 [Epub ahead of print].
  312. Chen YW, Tucker MD, Beckermann KE, Iams WT, Rini BI, Johnson DB. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and immune-related adverse events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Eur J Cancer 2021;155:291–3.
  313. Waissengrin B, Agbarya A, Safadi E, Padova H, Wolf I. Short-term safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:581–3.
  314. Goshen-Lago T, Waldhorn I, Holland R, Szwarcwort-Cohen M, Reiner-Benaim A, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, et al. Serologic status and toxic effects of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:1507–13.
  315. American Society for Clinical Oncology. COVID-19 Vaccines & patients with cancer [updated 2021 Mar 9; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.asco.org/covid-resources/vaccines-patients-cancer.
  316. van der Veldt AAM, Oosting SF, Dingemans AC, Fehrmann RSN, GeurtsvanKessel C, Jalving M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination: the VOICE for patients with cancer. Nat Med 2021;27:568–9.
  317. Massarweh A, Eliakim-Raz N, Stemmer A, Levy-Barda A, Yust-Katz S, Zer A, et al. Evaluation of seropositivity following BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:1133–40.
  318. Sugawara Y, Narimatsu H, Hozawa A, Shao L, Otani K, Fukao A. Cancer patients on Twitter: a novel patient community on social media. BMC Res Notes 2012;5:699.
  319. Attai DJ, Cowher MS, Al-Hamadani M, Schoger JM, Staley AC, Landercasper J. Twitter social media is an effective tool for breast cancer patient education and support: patient-reported outcomes by survey. J Med Internet Res 2015;17:e188.
  320. Jiang S, Liu PL. Digital divide and internet health information seeking among cancer survivors: a trend analysis from 2011 to 2017. Psychooncology 2020;29:61–7.
  321. Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. The spread of true and false news online. Science 2018;359:1146–51.
  322. Reuters Institute. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation [updated 2020 Apr 7; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation.
  323. US Department of Health and Human Services. Confronting health misinformation: the U.S. Surgeon General’s advisory on building a healthy information environment [updated 2021 Nov 9; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-misinformation-advisory.pdf.
  324. Guidry JPD, Miller CA, Ksinan AJ, Rohan JM, Winter MA, Carlyle KE, et al. COVID-19-Related misinformation among parents of patients with pediatric cancer. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27:650–2.
  325. Guidry JPD, Carlyle KE, Miller CA, Ksinan AJ, Winn R, Sheppard VB, et al. Endorsement of COVID-19 related misinformation among cancer survivors. Patient Educ Couns 2021 May 21 [Epub ahead of print].
  326. Kaiser Family Foundation. COVID-19 Cases and deaths by race/ethnicity: current data and changes over time [updated 2021 Oct 8; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/covid-19-cases-and-deaths-by-race-ethnicity-current-data-and-changes-over-time/.
  327. Kaiser Family Foundation. Latest data on COVID-19 vaccinations by race/ethnicity [updated 2021 Dec 2; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/latest-data-on-covid-19-vaccinations-by-race-ethnicity/.
  328. PolitiFact. Melanin doesn’t protect against coronavirus [updated 2020 Mar 10; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/10/facebook-posts/melanin-doesnt-protect-against-coronavirus/.
  329. Figueiredo JC, Ihenacho U, Merin NM, Hamid O, Darrah J, Gong J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake, perspectives, and adverse reactions following vaccination in patients with cancer undergoing treatment. Ann Oncol 2022;33:109–11.
  330. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How to address COVID-19 vaccine misinformation [updated 2021 Nov 3; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/health-departments/addressing-vaccine-misinformation.html.
  331. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes additional vaccine dose for certain immunocompromised individuals [updated 2021 Aug 12; cited 2021 November 27]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-vaccine-dose-certain-immunocompromised.
  332. Kamath SD, Kircher SM, Benson AB. Comparison of cancer burden and nonprofit organization funding reveals disparities in funding across cancer types. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019;17:849–54.
  333. Zon L, Gomes AP, Cance WG, Ribas A, Tuveson D, Postel-Vinay S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cancer research. Cancer Cell 2020;38:591–3.
  334. Birkmeyer JD, Barnato A, Birkmeyer N, Bessler R, Skinner J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020;39:2010–7.
  335. Patt D, Gordan L, Diaz M, Okon T, Grady L, Harmison M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care: how the pandemic is delaying cancer diagnosis and treatment for American seniors. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020;4:1059–71.
  336. Lamont EB, Diamond SS, Katriel RG, Ensign LL, Liu J, Rusli E, et al. Trends in oncology clinical trials launched before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2036353.
  337. Marcum M, Kurtzweil N, Vollmer C, Schmid L, Vollmer A, Kastl A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and impact on cancer clinical trials: an academic medical center perspective. Cancer Med 2020;9:6141–6.
  338. Association of American Medical Colleges. Examples of COVID-19 impacts on the research enterprise [updated 2021 Apr 15; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/media/54391/download.
  339. Gewin V. The career cost of COVID-19 to female researchers, and how science should respond. Nature 2020;583:867–9.
  340. Viglione G. Are women publishing less during the pandemic? Here’s what the data say. Nature 2020;581:365–6.
  341. NCI. Impact of COVID-19 on NCI grants; 2020. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/covid-19-grant-impact-faqs.
  342. Singer DS. NCI’s work to advance cancer research while responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer Cell 2020;37:746–8.
  343. Caruso C. COVID-19 hits cancer research funding. Cancer Discov 2020;10:756.
  344. Burki TK. Cuts in cancer research funding due to COVID-19. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:e6.
  345. Cancer Research UK. Beating cancer, now and in the future: annual report and accounts 2020/21 [updated 2021 Apr 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sites/default/files/annual_report_and_accounts_2020-21_final.pdf.
  346. Cahan E. COVID-19 cancels charity galas and walks. Science is paying the price. Science. 2021 Jun 24. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-cancels-charity-galas-and-walks-science-paying-price.
  347. The Cancer Letter. ACS faces precipitous drop in fundraising [updated 2020 Jun 19; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://cancerletter.com/covid-19-cancer/20200619_2/.
  348. NIH. 2020 NIH Extramural Surveys: the impact of COVID-19 on the research community [updated 2020 Nov 1; cited 2021 Nov 30]. Available from: https://grants.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NIH%20COSWD_COVID19%20Impact_Infographic_vF_Updated_3-19.pdf.
  349. Garrido P, Adjei AA, Bajpai J, Banerjee S, Berghoff AS, Choo SP, et al. Has COVID-19 had a greater impact on female than male oncologists? Results of the ESMO Women for Oncology (W4O) Survey. ESMO Open 2021;6:100131.
  350. Langin K. Pandemic hits scientist parents hard. Science 2020;369:609–10.
  351. Deryugina T, Shurchkov O, Stearns J. COVID-19 Disruptions disproportionately affect female academics; 2021. National Bureau of Economic Research. Available from: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28360/w28360.pdf.
  352. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. The impact of COVID-19 on the careers of women in academic sciences, engineering, and medicine [updated 2021 Mar 1; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/resource/26061/ReportHighlights_WomenCOVID-19_FINAL.pdf.
  353. Jeffers AE, Leung MA, Jeffers A. The COVID-19 pandemic is widening the gap for women in STEM. Comput Sci Eng 2021;23:96–8.
  354. Carr RM, Lane-Fall MB, South E, Brady D, Momplaisir F, Guerra CE, et al. Academic careers and the COVID-19 pandemic: reversing the tide. Sci Transl Med 2021;13:eabe7189.
  355. Council on Government Relations. Research impact under COVID-19 [updated 2021 Jan 1; cited 2021 Nov 30]. Available from: https://www.cogr.edu/sites/default/files/Research_Impact_COVID_Jan_2021_COGR.pdf.
  356. Lewellen-Williams C, Johnson VA, Deloney LA, Thomas BR, Goyol A, Henry-Tillman R. The POD: a new model for mentoring underrepresented minority faculty. Acad Med 2006;81:275–9.
  357. Rodriguez JE, Campbell KM, Pololi LH. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Med Educ 2015;15:6.
  358. Armijo PR, Silver JK, Larson AR, Asante P, Shillcutt S. Citizenship tasks and women physicians: additional woman tax in academic medicine? J Womens Health 2021;30:935–43.
  359. Obasi AI. Equity in excellence or just another tax on Black skin? Lancet 2020;396:651–3.
  360. Gewin V. The time tax put on scientists of colour. Nature 2020;583:479–81.
  361. Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, Vranizan K, Lurie N, Keane D, et al. The role of Black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1305–10.
  362. Powe NR, Cooper LA. Diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the physician workforce. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:223–4
  363. Woolston C. Junior researchers hit by coronavirus-triggered hiring freezes. Nature 2020;582:449–50.
  364. The Scientist. Universities issue hiring freezes in response to COVID-19 [updated 2020 Mar 26; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/universities-issue-hiring-freezes-in-response-to-covid-19-67334.
  365. Langin K. U.S. faculty job market tanks. Science. 2020 Oct 16. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.370.6514.272.
  366. Levine RL, Rathmell WK. COVID-19 impact on early career investigators: a call for action. Nat Rev Cancer 2020;20:357–8.
  367. Executive Office of the President of the United States of America. Declaring a national emergency concerning the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak [updated 2020 Mar 18; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/03/18/2020-05794/declaring-a-national-emergency-concerning-the-novel-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak.
  368. New York Times. See which states and cities have told residents to stay at home [updated 2020 Mar 24; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-stay-at-home-order.html.
  369. Mulholland EJ. Impact of COVID-19 on in vivo work and patient sample availability for cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer 2021;21:139–40.
  370. Omary MB, Eswaraka J, Kimball SD, Moghe PV, Panettieri RA Jr, Scotto KW. The COVID-19 pandemic and research shutdown: staying safe and productive. J Clin Invest 2020;130:2745–8.
  371. Colbert LE, Kouzy R, Abi Jaoude J, Ludmir EB, Taniguchi CM. Cancer research after COVID-19: where do we go from here? Cancer Cell 2020;37:637–8.
  372. Sohrabi C, Mathew G, Franchi T, Kerwan A, Griffin M, Soleil CDMJ, et al. Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on scientific research and implications for clinical academic training – a review. Int J Surg 2021;86:57–63.
  373. Institute of Cancer Research. Pandemic to delay cancer advances by nearly 18 months, researchers fear [updated 2020 Nov 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.icr.ac.uk/news-archive/pandemic-to-delay-cancer-advances-by-nearly-18-months-researchers-fear.
  374. Umscheid CA, Margolis DJ, Grossman CE. Key concepts of clinical trials: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2011;123:194–204.
  375. Unger JM, Blanke CD, LeBlanc M, Hershman DL. Association of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak with enrollment in cancer clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2010651.
  376. Upadhaya S, Yu JX, Oliva C, Hooton M, Hodge J, Hubbard-Lucey VM. Impact of COVID-19 on oncology clinical trials. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:376–7
  377. Fleury ME, Farner AM, Unger JM. Association of the COVID-19 outbreak with patient willingness to enroll in cancer clinical trials. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:131–2.
  378. Rubio-San-Simon A, Verdu-Amoros J, Hladun R, Juan-Ribelles A, Molero M, Guerra-Garcia P, et al. Challenges in early phase clinical trials for childhood cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a report from the new agents group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (SEHOP). Clin Transl Oncol 2021;23:183–9.
  379. Upadhaya S, Yu JX, Hodge J, Campbell J. COVID-19 impact on oncology clinical trials: a 1-year analysis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20:415.
  380. Unger JM, Xiao H, LeBlanc M, Hershman DL, Blanke CD. Cancer clinical trial participation at the 1-year anniversary of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2118433.
  381. Desai A, Duma N, Lopes G. COVID-19 and global oncology: a year in review. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:797–801.
  382. Priou S, Lame G, Chatellier G, Tournigand C, Kempf E. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer care in France. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6:342–3.
  383. Marques NP, Silveira DMM, Marques NCT, Martelli DRB, Oliveira EA, Martelli-Junior H. Cancer diagnosis in Brazil in the COVID-19 era. Semin Oncol 2021;48:156–9.
  384. Ranganathan P, Sengar M, Chinnaswamy G, Agrawal G, Arumugham R, Bhatt R, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care in India: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:970–6.
  385. Martei YM, Rick TJ, Fadelu T, Ezzi MS, Hammad N, Quadri NS, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care delivery in Africa: a cross-sectional survey of oncology providers in Africa. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:368–77.
  386. COVID-19 and cancer: 1 year on. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:411.
  387. Cancer Research UK. What’s happened to cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic? [updated 2020 Sep 11; cited 2022 Jan 6]. Available from: https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2020/09/11/whats-happened-to-cancer-services-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/.
  388. Saini G, Aneja R. Cancer as a prospective sequela of long COVID-19. Bioessays 2021;43:e2000331.
  389. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, et al. Depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:4065.
  390. Giovenco DP, Spillane TE, Maggi RM, Lee EY, Philbin MM. Multi-level drivers of tobacco use and purchasing behaviors during COVID-19 “lockdown”: a qualitative study in the United States. Int J Drug Policy 2021;94:103175.
  391. Pollard MS, Tucker JS, Green HD Jr. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2022942.
  392. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients 2020;12:1583.
  393. Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, Roberts WO, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Radak Z, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med Health Sci 2020;2:55–64.
  394. Chen RC, Haynes K, Du S, Barron J, Katz AJ. Association of cancer screening deficit in the United States with the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:878–84.
  395. Guven DC, Sahin TK, Yildirim HC, Cesmeci E, Incesu FGG, Tahillioglu Y, et al. Newly diagnosed cancer and the COVID-19 pandemic: tumour stage migration and higher early mortality. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2021
  396. Powis M, Milley-Daigle C, Hack S, Alibhai S, Singh S, Krzyzanowska MK. Impact of the early phase of the COVID pandemic on cancer treatment delivery and the quality of cancer care: a scoping review and conceptual model. Int J Qual Health Care 2021;33:mzab088.
  397. Islam JY, Vidot DC, Camacho-Rivera M. Evaluating mental health-related symptoms among cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the COVID Impact Survey. JCO Oncol Pract 2021;17:e1258–69.
  398. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org [homepage on the internet]. Maryland: United States Preventive Services Taskforce; c2021–22 [updated 2022 Jan 5; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/.
  399. Saini KS, Tagliamento M, Lambertini M, McNally R, Romano M, Leone M, et al. Mortality in patients with cancer and coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and pooled analysis of 52 studies. Eur J Cancer 2020;139:43–50.
  400. Guven DC, Aktas BY, Aksun MS, Ucgul E, Sahin TK, Yildirim HC, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: changes in cancer admissions. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2020 Jul 14 [Epub ahead of print].
  401. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Non-emergent, elective medical services, and treatment recommendations [updated 2020 Apr 7; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/cms-non-emergent-elective-medical-recommendations.pdf.
  402. Dinmohamed AG, Visser O, Verhoeven RHA, Louwman MWJ, van Nederveen FH, Willems SM, et al. Fewer cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:750–1.
  403. Sud A, Jones ME, Broggio J, Loveday C, Torr B, Garrett A, et al. Collateral damage: the impact on outcomes from cancer surgery of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Oncol 2020;31:1065–74.
  404. Sud A, Torr B, Jones ME, Broggio J, Scott S, Loveday C, et al. Effect of delays in the 2-week-wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer survival in the UK: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:1035–44.
  405. Fedorenko CR, Kreizenbeck KL, Li L, Panattoni LE, Shankaran V, Ramsey SD. Stage at cancer diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in western Washington state. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:145.
  406. American Society for Radiation Oncology. COVID-19 & radiation oncology [updated 2021 Feb 25; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.astro.org/ASTRO/media/ASTRO/News and Publications/PDFs/ASTRO_COVID19Survey_2021.pdf.
  407. Issaka RB, Taylor P, Baxi A, Inadomi JM, Ramsey SD, Roth J. Model-based estimation of colorectal cancer screening and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e216454.
  408. Fedewa SA, Bandi P, Smith RA, Silvestri GA, Jemal A. Lung cancer screening rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chest 2021 Jul 21 [Epub ahead of print].
  409. Ward ZJ, Walbaum M, Walbaum B, Guzman MJ, Jimenez de la Jara J, Nervi B, et al. Estimating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnosis and survival of five cancers in Chile from 2020 to 2030: a simulation-based analysis. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:1427–37.
  410. Velazquez AI, Hayward JH, Gregory B, Dixit N. Trends in breast cancer screening in a safety-net hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2119929.
  411. Carethers JM, Sengupta R, Blakey R, Ribas A, D’Souza G. Disparities in cancer prevention in the COVID-19 era. Cancer Prev Res 2020;13:893–6.
  412. Bakouny Z, Paciotti M, Schmidt AL, Lipsitz SR, Choueiri TK, Trinh QD. Cancer screening tests and cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:458–60.
  413. McBain RK, Cantor JH, Jena AB, Pera MF, Bravata DM, Whaley CM. Decline and rebound in routine cancer screening rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Gen Intern Med 2021;36:1829–31.
  414. DeGroff A, Miller J, Sharma K, Sun J, Helsel W, Kammerer W, et al. COVID-19 impact on screening test volume through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, January-June 2020, in the United States. Prev Med 2021;151:106559.
  415. Myint A, Roh L, Yang L, Connolly L, Esrailian E, May FP. Noninvasive colorectal cancer screening tests help close screening gaps during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Gastroenterology 2021;161:712–14.
  416. Jemal A, Fedewa SA. Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography in the United States—2010 to 2015. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:1278–81.
  417. Kaufman HW, Chen Z, Niles JK, Radcliff J, Fesko Y. Patterns of prostate-specific antigen testing and prostate biopsies during the COVID-19 pandemic. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2021;5:1028–33.
  418. Lei F, Lee E. Barriers to lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography. Oncol Nurs Forum 2019;46:E60–71.
  419. Mouslim MC, Johnson RM, Dean LT. Healthcare system distrust and the breast cancer continuum of care. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020;180:33–44.
  420. Adams LB, Richmond J, Corbie-Smith G, Powell W. Medical mistrust and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans. J Community Health 2017;42:1044–61.
  421. Kaufman HW, Chen Z, Niles JK, Fesko YA. Changes in newly identified cancer among US patients from before COVID-19 through the first full year of the pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2125681.
  422. Dinmohamed AG, Cellamare M, Visser O, de Munck L, Elferink MAG, Westenend PJ, et al. The impact of the temporary suspension of national cancer screening programmes due to the COVID-19 epidemic on the diagnosis of breast and colorectal cancer in the Netherlands. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:147.
  423. Ricciardiello L, Ferrari C, Cameletti M, Gaianill F, Buttitta F, Bazzoli F, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on colorectal cancer screening delay: effect on stage shift and increased mortality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:1410–7.
  424. Thierry AR, Pastor B, Pisareva E, Ghiringhelli F, Bouche O, De La Fouchardiere C, et al. Association of COVID-19 lockdown with the tumor burden in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2124483.
  425. Kuzuu K, Misawa N, Ashikari K, Kessoku T, Kato S, Hosono K, et al. Gastrointestinal cancer stage at diagnosis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2126334.
  426. Smith KL, Caston NE, Lawhon V, Gallagher KD, Angove R, Anderson E, et al. Association of fear of COVID-19 with delays in care or treatment interruptions in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:98.
  427. Leach CR, Kirkland EG, Masters M, Sloan K, Rees-Punia E, Patel AV, et al. Cancer survivor worries about treatment disruption and detrimental health outcomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021;39:347–65.
  428. Riera R, Bagattini AM, Pacheco RL, Pachito DV, Roitberg F, Ilbawi A. Delays and disruptions in cancer health care due to COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:311–23.
  429. Elkrief A, Kazandjian S, Bouganim N. Changes in lung cancer treatment as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1805–6.
  430. Institute of Public Policy Research. Building back cancer services in England [updated 2021 Sep 1; cited 2021 Nov 29]. Available from: https://www.ippr.org/files/2021-09/building-back-cancer-services.pdf.
  431. Alagoz O, Lowry KP, Kurian AW, Mandelblatt JS, Ergun MA, Huang H, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on breast cancer mortality in the US: estimates from collaborative simulation modeling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:1484–94.
  432. Fillon M. Cancer treatment delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may not hinder outcomes. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:3–6.
  433. NCI. NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (NCCAPS) [updated 2020 May 21; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/covid-19/coronavirus-research-initiatives/nccaps.
  434. Cordova MJ, Riba MB, Spiegel D. Post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer. Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4:330–8.
  435. Weber D, O’Brien K. Cancer and cancer-related fatigue and the interrelationships with depression, stress, and inflammation. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017;22:502–12.
  436. Bandinelli L, Ornell F, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP. The sum of fears in cancer patients inside the context of the COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:557834.
  437. Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: what we know so far. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72:340–50.
  438. van de Haar J, Hoes LR, Coles CE, Seamon K, Frohling S, Jager D, et al. Caring for patients with cancer in the COVID-19 era. Nat Med 2020;26:665–71.
  439. Al-Shamsi HO, Alhazzani W, Alhuraiji A, Coomes EA, Chemaly RF, Almuhanna M, et al. A practical approach to the management of cancer patients during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an International Collaborative Group. Oncologist 2020;25:e936–e45.
  440. Slivjak ET, Fishbein JN, Nealis M, Schmiege SJ, Arch JJ. Cancer survivors’ perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 and impacts on cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to the pandemic. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021;39:366–84.
  441. Zhao F, Henderson TO, Cipriano TM, Copley BL, Liu M, Burra R, et al. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the quality of life and treatment disruption of patients with breast cancer in a multiethnic cohort. Cancer 2021;127:4072–80.
  442. Amaniera I, Bach C, Vachani C, Hampshire M, Arnold-Korzeniowski K, Healy M, et al. Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients, survivors and caregivers. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021;39:485–92.
  443. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci 2015;10:227–37.
  444. Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Snowberg K, Abbott M, Borno HT, Chang SM, et al. Loneliness and symptom burden in oncology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer 2021;127:3246–53.
  445. Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Snowberg K, Abbott M, Borno H, Chang S, et al. Stress and symptom burden in oncology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020;60:e25–34.
  446. Pinato DJ, Tabernero J, Bower M, Scotti L, Patel M, Colomba E, et al. Prevalence and impact of COVID-19 sequelae on treatment and survival of patients with cancer who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from the OnCovid retrospective, multicentre registry study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:1669–80.
  447. NCI. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer [updated 2015 May 15; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/aya.
  448. Fidler MM, Frobisher C, Hawkins MM, Nathan PC. Challenges and opportunities in the care of survivors of adolescent and young adult cancers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019;66:e27668.
  449. Robison LL, Hudson MM. Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: life-long risks and responsibilities. Nat Rev Cancer 2014;14:61–70.
  450. Papautsky EL, Hamlish T. Patient-reported treatment delays in breast cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020;184:249–54.
  451. Desai A, Gyawali B. Financial toxicity of cancer treatment: moving the discussion from acknowledgement of the problem to identifying solutions. EClinicalMedicine 2020;20:100269.
  452. Lentz R, Benson AB III, Kircher S. Financial toxicity in cancer care: prevalence, causes, consequences, and reduction strategies. J Surg Oncol 2019;120:85–92.
  453. Baddour K, Kudrick LD, Neopaney A, Sabik LM, Peddada SD, Nilsen ML, et al. Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial toxicity in cancer survivors. Head Neck 2020;42:1332–8.
  454. Thom B, Benedict C, Friedman DN, Watson SE, Zeitler MS, Chino F. Economic distress, financial toxicity, and medical cost-coping in young adult cancer survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from an online sample. Cancer 2021;127:4481–91.
  455. NCI. Cancer health disparities definitions and examples; 2015. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/about-health-disparities/definitions.
  456. Lara OD, Smith MJ, Wang Y, O’Cearbhaill R, Blank SV, Kolev V, et al. Racial disparities in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection and gynecologic malignancy. Cancer 2021;127:1057–67.
  457. Amram O, Robison J, Amiri S, Pflugeisen B, Roll J, Monsivais P. Socioeconomic and racial inequities in breast cancer screening during the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington State. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2110946.
  458. Bernstein AN, Talwar R, Handorf E, Syed K, Danella J, Ginzburg S, et al. Assessment of prostate cancer treatment among Black and White patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:1467–73.
  459. Beebe-Dimmer JL, Lusk CM, Ruterbusch JJ, Baird TE, Pandolfi SS, Wenzlaff AS, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African American cancer survivors. Cancer 2021 Oct 27 [Epub ahead of print].
  460. Abbott DE, Voils CL, Fisher DA, Greenberg CC, Safdar N. Socioeconomic disparities, financial toxicity, and opportunities for enhanced system efficiencies for patients with cancer. J Surg Oncol 2017;115:250–6.
  461. Chen YS, Zhou ZN, Glynn SM, Frey MK, Balogun OD, Kanis M, et al. Financial toxicity, mental health, and gynecologic cancer treatment: the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income women in New York City. Cancer 2021;127:2399–408.
  462. Gajarawala SN, Pelkowski JN. Telehealth benefits and barriers. J Nurse Pract 2021;17:218–21.
  463. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Telehealth insurance coverage [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/telehealth.
  464. Zundel KM. Telemedicine: history, applications, and impact on librarianship. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1996;84:71–9.
  465. Ricke J, Bartelink H. Telemedicine and its impact on cancer management. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:826–33.
  466. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Telemedicine in cancer care [updated 2018 May 23; cited 2021 Nov 11]. Available from: https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/EDBK_200141.
  467. Hollander JE, Carr BG. Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1679–81.
  468. McKinsey & Company. Telehealth: a quarter-trillion-dollar post-COVID-19 reality? [updated 2021 Jul 9; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/telehealth-a-quarter-trillion-dollar-post-covid-19-reality.
  469. American Psychiatric Association. APA public opinion poll – 2021 access to care [updated 2021 Apr 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/apa-public-opinion-poll-2021-access-to-care.
  470. Kyle MA, Blendon RJ, Findling MG, Benson JM. Telehealth use and satisfaction among U.S. households: results of a national survey. J Patient Exp 2021;8:23743735211052737.
  471. Shaverdian N, Gillespie EF, Cha E, Kim SY, Benvengo S, Chino F, et al. Impact of telemedicine on patient satisfaction and perceptions of care quality in radiation oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19:1174–80.
  472. Hasson SP, Waissengrin B, Shachar E, Hodruj M, Fayngor R, Brezis M, et al. Rapid implementation of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives and preferences of patients with cancer. Oncologist 2021;26:e679–85.
  473. Natesan D, Niedzwiecki D, Oyekunle T, Emmons A, Zafar Y, Blitzblau R. Cancer patient satisfaction with telehealth: survey results from a large NCI-designated cancer institute. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1579.
  474. Rezich BMZ, Malone JA, Reiser G, Zimmerman HH, Blase TL, Fishler KP. Telehealth genetic services during the COVID-19 pandemic: implementation and patient experiences across multiple specialties in Nebraska. J Genet Couns 2021;30:1233–43.
  475. Liang SY, Richardson M, Chen T, Colocci N, Kurian A, de Briun M, et al. Widening cancer care disparities in the adoption of telemedicine during COVID 19: who is left behind? Gynecol Oncol 2021;162:S23.
  476. Jewett P, Vogel RI, Ghebre RG, Rao A, Hui JYC, Parsons H, et al. Telehealth: reducing or increasing cancer care disparities? J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1582.
  477. Winters-Stone KM, Boisvert C, Li F, Lyons KS, Beer TM, Mitri Z, et al. Delivering exercise medicine to cancer survivors: has COVID-19 shifted the landscape for how and who can be reached with supervised group exercise? Support Care Cancer 2021 Nov 6 [Epub ahead of print].
  478. Surujballi J, Shah H, Hutton B, Alzahrani M, Beltran-Bless AA, Shorr R, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: an opportunity to rethink and harmonise the frequency of follow-up visits for patients with early stage breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2021;97:102188.
  479. Koonin LM, Hoots B, Tsang CA, Leroy Z, Farris K, Jolly T, et al. Trends in the use of telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic – United States, January–March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1595–9.
  480. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Physician burnout [updated 2017 Jul 1; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html.
  481. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Taking action against clinician burnout: a systems approach to professional well-being [updated 2019 Oct 23; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31940160.
  482. Malouff TD, TerKonda SP, Knight D, Abu Dabrh AM, Perlman AI, Munipalli B, et al. Physician satisfaction with telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Mayo Clinic Florida experience. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021;5:771–82.
  483. InTouch Health. Battle physician burnout with telehealth solutions [updated 2018 Aug 22; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://intouchhealth.com/telehealth-battles-physician-burnout/.
  484. mHealthIntelligence. Healthcare looks to telehealth to address physician burnout, stress [updated 2020 Aug 14; cited 2021 Dec 15]. Available from: https://mhealthintelligence.com/features/healthcare-looks-to-telehealth-to-address-physician-burnout-stress.
  485. Offodile AC, Aloia T. Oncology clinical transformation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum 2020;1:e201126.
  486. Lopez AM, Lam K, Thota R. Barriers and facilitators to telemedicine: can you hear me now? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021;41:25–36.
  487. Xue JZ, Smietana K, Poda P, Webster K, Yang G, Agrawal G. Clinical trial recovery from COVID-19 disruption. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:662–3.
  488. Galsky MD, Stensland KD, McBride RB, Latif A, Moshier E, Oh WK, et al. Geographic accessibility to clinical trials for advanced cancer in the United States. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:293–5.
  489. Sertkaya A, Wong HH, Jessup A, Beleche T. Key cost drivers of pharmaceutical clinical trials in the United States. Clin Trials 2016;13:117–26.
  490. GlobalData. Industry expects DCT costs to be lower compared with traditional trials [updated 2021 Mar 8; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/surveys/industry-expects-dct-costs-to-be-lower-compared-with-traditional-trials-survey/.
  491. Denis F, Basch E, Septans AL, Bennouna J, Urban T, Dueck AC, et al. Two-year survival comparing web-based symptom monitoring vs routine surveillance following treatment for lung cancer. JAMA 2019;321:306–7.
  492. McKinsey & Company. No place like home? Stepping up the decentralization of clinical trials [updated 2021 Jun 10; cited 2021 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/life-sciences/our-insights/no-place-like-home-stepping-up-the-decentralization-of-clinical-trials.
  493. Pfizer. Pfizer conducts first “virtual” clinical trial allowing patients to participate regardless of geography [updated 2011 Jun 7; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer_conducts_first_virtual_clinical_trial_allowing_patients_to_participate_regardless_of_geography.
  494. Alacrita. Could COVID-19 be a catalyst for virtualizing clinical trials? [updated 2020 Aug 30; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.alacrita.com/blog/could-covid-19-be-a-catalyst-for-virtualizing-clinical-trials.
  495. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020 Drug trial snapshots summary report. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/145718/download.
  496. Pierce RP, Stevermer JJ. Disparities in use of telehealth at the onset of the COVID-19 public health emergency. J Telemed Telecare 2020 Oct 21 [Epub ahead of print].
  497. Weber E, Miller SJ, Astha V, Janevic T, Benn E. Characteristics of telehealth users in NYC for COVID-related care during the coronavirus pandemic. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020;27:1949–54.
  498. Campos-Castillo C, Anthony D. Racial and ethnic differences in self-reported telehealth use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a secondary analysis of a US survey of internet users from late March. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021;28:119–25.
  499. Sehgal K, Costa DB, Rangachari D. Extended-interval dosing strategy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer: will it outlast the COVID-19 pandemic? Front Oncol 2020;10:1193.
  500. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new dosing regimen for pembrolizumab [updated 2020 Apr 29; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-new-dosing-regimen-pembrolizumab.
  501. Zhang L, Zhu F, Xie L, Wang C, Wang J, Chen R, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. Ann Oncol 2020;31:894–901.
  502. Yu J, Ouyang W, Chua MLK, Xie C. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in patients with cancer at a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan, China. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1108–10.
  503. American College of Surgeons. National Cancer Database [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: http://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer/ncdb.
  504. Minami CA, Kantor O, Weiss A, Nakhlis F, King TA, Mittendorf EA. Association between time to operation and pathologic stage in ductal carcinoma in situ and early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2020;231:434–47.
  505. Dee EC, Mahal BA, Arega MA, D’Amico AV, Mouw KW, Nguyen PL, et al. Relative timing of radiotherapy and androgen deprivation for prostate cancer and implications for treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1630–2.
  506. Lee MC, Erickson TR, Stock S, Howard LE, De Hoedt AM, Amling CL, et al. Association between delay to radical prostatectomy and clinically meaningful outcomes among patients with intermediate and high-risk localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2021 Oct 25 [Epub ahead of print].
  507. Cone EB, Marchese M, Paciotti M, Nguyen DD, Nabi J, Cole AP, et al. Assessment of time-to-treatment initiation and survival in a cohort of patients with common cancers. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2030072.
  508. Heiden BT, Eaton DB, Jr., Engelhardt KE, Chang SH, Yan Y, Patel MR, et al. Analysis of delayed surgical treatment and oncologic outcomes in clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2111613.
  509. Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society. COVID-19 vaccine tracker [updated 2021 Dec 20; cited 2022 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker.
  510. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook; 2021. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/science-technology-innovation-outlook/.
  511. Dhingra K. Oncology 2020: a drug development and approval paradigm. Ann Oncol 2015;26:2347–50.
  512. Heaton PM. The Covid-19 vaccine-development multiverse. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1986–8.
  513. Board TE. COVID has shown the power of science-industry collaboration. Nature 2021;594:302.
  514. Bloomberg Law. Pandemic cost NIH $16 billion in delayed, lost medical research [updated 2021 Mar 19; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://news.bloomberglaw.com/pharma-and-life-sciences/pandemic-cost-nih-16-billion-in-delayed-lost-medical-research.
  515. OncLive. NCI director talks response to COVID-19 crisis, focuses on overcoming disruptions in cancer care [updated 2020 Nov 6; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.onclive.com/view/nci-director-talks-response-to-covid-19-crisis-focuses-on-overcoming-disruptions-in-cancer-care.
  516. NIH Extramural Nexus. Reminder of COVID-19-related flexibilities for NIH grants [updated Sep 24, 2021, ;ited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2021/09/24/reminder-of-covid19-related-flexibilities-for-nih-grants/.
  517. NIH. NOT-OD-21-052: Reminder requesting extensions for early career scientists whose career trajectories have been significantly impacted by COVID-19 [updated 2021 Feb 2; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-21-052.html.
  518. Association of American Medical Colleges. The complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2019 to 2034 [updated 2021 Jun 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/media/54681/download.
  519. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical trial conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic [updated 2020 Jun 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/coronavirus-covid-19-drugs/clinical-trial-conduct-during-covid-19-pandemic.
  520. Flaherty KT, Doroshow JH, Galbraith S, Ribas A, Kluetz PG, Pazdur R, et al. Rethinking cancer clinical trial conduct induced by COVID-19: an academic center, industry, government, and regulatory agency perspective. Cancer Discov 2021;11:1881–5.
  521. NCI Clinical Trials and Translational Research Advisory Committee. Strategic Planning Working Group Report [updated 2020 Nov 4; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/ctac/1120/SPWGreport.pdf.
  522. NCI. NCI Announces funding for development of standardized electronic treatment plans for NCI-supported clinical trials applicable across clinical research sites [updated 2020 Sep 28; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://dctd.cancer.gov/NewsEvents/20200928_Standardized_Electronic_Treatment_Plans.htm.
  523. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020 Annual Report Oncology Center of Excellence [updated 2021 Jan 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/145613/download.
  524. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Enhancing the diversity of clinical trial populations — eligibility criteria, enrollment practices, and trial designs guidance for industry [updated 2020 Nov 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/127712/download.
  525. American Association for Cancer Research. Prioritize COVID vaccines for cancer patients. Letter to Biden Administration [updated 2021 Feb 17; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aacr.org/professionals/policy-and-advocacy/aacr-and-the-biden-administration/prioritizing-covid19-vaccines-for-cancer-patients/.
  526. The Kaiser Family Foundation. State COVID-19 vaccine priority populations [updated 2021 Apr 5; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/state-covid-19-vaccine-priority-populations/.
  527. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines for people with cancer [updated 2020 Dec 22; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://cadth.ca/sites/default/files/covid-19/COVID-19_mRNA_vaccines_for_people_with_cancer.pdf.
  528. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pfizer-Biontech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162, PF-07302048) [updated 2020 Dec 10; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/144246/download.
  529. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting Presentation [updated 2020 Dec 17; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/144452/download.
  530. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19 [updated 2021 Feb 26; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/146217/download.
  531. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Trump Administration releases COVID-19 telehealth toolkit to accelerate state use of telehealth in Medicaid and CHIP [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-releases-covid-19-telehealth-toolkit-accelerate-state-use-telehealth-medicaid.
  532. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. State Medicaid & CHIP Telehealth Toolkit policy considerations for states expanding use of telehealth COVID-19 version [updated 2020 Apr 23; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/benefits/downloads/medicaid-chip-telehealth-toolkit.pdf.
  533. US Department of Health and Human Services. HIPAA flexibility for telehealth technology [updated 2021 Jan 28; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://telehealth.hhs.gov/providers/policy-changes-during-the-covid-19-public-health-emergency/hipaa-flexibility-for-telehealth-technology/.
  534. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Calendar year (CY) 2022 Medicare physician fee schedule final rule [updated 2021 Nov 2; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/calendar-year-cy-2022-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule.
  535. Division of Broadband and Digital Equity. Who is affected by the digital divide? [updated 2022 Jan 4; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.ncbroadband.gov/digital-divide/who-affected-digital-divide.
  536. Lai J, Widmar NO. Revisiting the digital divide in the COVID-19 era. Appl Econ Perspect Policy 2020 Oct 12 [Epub ahead of print].
  537. US Department of Health and Human Services. HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule [updated 2009 Oct 28; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/hitech-act-enforcement-interim-final-rule/index.html.
  538. US Department of Health and Human Services. Covered entities and business associates [updated 2015 Nov 23; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/covered-entities/index.html.
  539. Health Affairs Blog. How President Biden can improve health data sharing for COVID-19 and beyond [updated 2021 Mar 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20210223.611803/full/.
  540. US Department of Health and Human Services. Social determinants of health [updated 2022 Jan 12; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health.
  541. Buntin MB. Cancer, coverage, and COVID-19. JAMA Health Forum 2020;1:e200796.
  542. Bundorf MK, Gupta S, Kim C. Trends in US health insurance coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Health Forum 2021;2:e212487.
  543. Maani N, Galea S. COVID-19 and underinvestment in the public health infrastructure of the United States. Milbank Q 2020;98:250–9.
  544. Trust for America’s Health. The impact of chronic underfunding on America’s public health system: trends, risks, and recommendations, 2021 [updated 2021 May 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.tfah.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021_PHFunding_Fnl.pdf.
  545. Kaiser Health News. Hollowed-out public health system faces more cuts amid virus. [updated 2020 Jul 1, cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://khn.org/news/us-public-health-system-underfunded-under-threat-faces-more-cuts-amid-covid-pandemic/.
  546. New York Times. ‘Small town, no hospital’: Covid-19 is overwhelming rural west Texas [updated 2020 Dec 9; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/us/coronavirus-big-bend-marfa-rural-texas.html.
  547. Congressional Research Service. Overview of COVID-19 LHHS supplemental appropriations: FY2020 and FY2021 [updated 2021 Apr 23; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46775.
  548. Politico. Holes in reporting of breakthrough Covid cases hamper CDC response [updated 2021 Aug 25; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/25/cdc-pandemic-limited-data-breakthroughs-506823.
  549. Politico. Bad state data hides coronavirus threat as Trump pushes reopening [updated 2020 May 27; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/27/bad-state-coronavirus-data-trump-reopening-286143.
  550. New York Times. The C.D.C. waited ‘its entire existence for this moment.’ What went wrong? [updated 2020 Jun 3; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/cdc-coronavirus.html.
  551. MedPage Today. Nursing homes shocked at ‘insanely wrong’ CMS data on COVID-19 [updated 2020 Jun 9; cited 2021 Nov 12]. Available from: https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/86967?trw=no.
  552. New York Times. Bottleneck for U.S. coronavirus response: the fax machine [updated 2020 Jul 13; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/13/upshot/coronavirus-response-fax-machines.html.
  553. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Letter to Trump Administration [updated 2020 Apr 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aacr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/AACR-COVID-19-response-letter-to-President-Trump.pdf.
  554. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Letter to Congress [updated 2020 Mar 1; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aacr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AACR-COVID-19-Response-Letter.pdf.
  555. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance and data strategy – notable milestones [updated 2021 Dec 8; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/surveillance-data-strategies/milestones_2019-2020.html.
  556. Muller J, Kretzschmar M. Contact tracing – old models and new challenges. Infect Dis Model 2021;6:222–31.
  557. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. History of quarantine [updated 2020 Jul 20; cited 2021 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/historyquarantine.html.
  558. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The road to zero: CDC’s response to the West African Ebola epidemic [updated 2015 Jul 9; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/about/pdf/ebola/ebola-photobook-070915.pdf.
  559. ProPublica. Inside the fall of the CDC [updated 2020 Oct 15; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.propublica.org/article/inside-the-fall-of-the-cdc.
  560. Politico. Emails reveal new details of Trump White House interference in CDC Covid planning [updated 2021 Nov 12; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/trump-cdc-covid-521128.
  561. New York Times. How the virus won [updated 2020 Jun 27; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-spread.html.
  562. Tromberg BJ, Schwetz TA, Perez-Stable EJ, Hodes RJ, Woychik RP, Bright RA, et al. Rapid scaling up of Covid-19 diagnostic testing in the United States – the NIH RADx initiative. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1071–7.
  563. WBUR. Academic labs pivot to fill coronavirus testing gap [updated 2020 Apr 21; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/04/20/academic-labs-fill-testing-gap.
  564. Coronavirus testing: how academic medical labs are stepping up to fill a void [updated 2020 Mar 12; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/coronavirus-testing-how-academic-medical-labs-are-stepping-fill-void.
  565. Poteat TC, Adams MA, Malone J, Geffen S, Greene N, Nodzenski M, et al. Delays in breast cancer care by race and sexual orientation: results from a national survey with diverse women in the United States. Cancer 2021;127:3514–22.
  566. Zhang X, Tai D, Pforsich H, Lin VW. United States registered nurse workforce report card and shortage forecast: a revisit. Am J Med Qual 2018;33:229–36.
  567. Politico. Walkouts and strikes hit hospitals in pandemic hot spots [updated 2021 Oct 20; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/20/hospitals-labor-shortage-covid-delta-516303.
  568. Morning Consult. Nearly 1 in 5 health care workers have quit their jobs during the pandemic [updated 2021 Oct 4; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://morningconsult.com/2021/10/04/health-care-workers-series-part-2-workforce/.
  569. National Nurses United. National Nurse Survey reveals devastating impact of reopening too soon [updated 2020 Jul 27; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/press/national-nurse-survey-reveals-devastating-impact-reopening-too-soon.
  570. The Guardian. Lost on the frontline: US healthcare workers who died fighting Covid-19 [updated 2020 Aug 11; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2020/aug/11/lost-on-the-frontline-covid-19-coronavirus-us-healthcare-workers-deaths-database.
  571. World Health Organization. Second round of the National Pulse Survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic [updated 2021 Apr 23; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS-continuity-survey-2021.1.
  572. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Nursing shortage [updated 2020 Sep 20; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-information/fact-sheets/nursing-shortage.
  573. Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical school enrollments grow, but residency slots haven’t kept pace. [updated 2020 Mar 12; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/medical-school-enrollments-grow-residency-slots-haven-t-kept-pace.
  574. NCI. The challenges of cancer misinformation on social media [updated 2021 Sep 9; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/cancer-misinformation-social-media.
  575. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. NAS and NAM presidents alarmed by political interference in science amid pandemic [updated 2020 Sep 24; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2020/09/nas-and-nam-presidents-alarmed-by-political-interference-in-science-amid-pandemic
  576. Politico. Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19 [updated 2020 Sep 11; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809
  577. New York Times. Trump pressed for plasma therapy. Officials worry, is an unvetted vaccine next? [updated 2020 Dec 9; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html
  578. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Strategies for building confidence in the COVID-19 vaccines [updated 2021 Mar 2; cited 2021 Dec 17]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/26068/strategies-for-building-confidence-in-the-covid-19-vaccines