Enormous progress has been made in the treatment of pediatric cancers over the past several decades, as reflected in the greater than 85 percent 5-year relative survival rates for all cancers combined.

Evidence-based frameworks for survivorship care, including the Children’s Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines, are essential to monitoring, preventing, and managing late effects across the lifespan.

Changes in the genome, epigenome, developmental pathways, and tumor microenvironment contribute to how pediatric cancers originate, progress, and respond to treatment.