References

References 1-50

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:7-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21654
  2. Weinhouse S. National Cancer Act of 1971 – an editorial. Cancer Res 1972;32:i-ii. Available from: https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/32/4/i
  3. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2021. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society; 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2021.html
  4. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/
  5. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International classification of childhood cancer, third edition. Cancer 2005;103:1457-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20910
  6. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2014. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2014. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2014.html
  7. Bade BC, Dela Cruz CS. Lung cancer 2020: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Clin Chest Med 2020;41:1-24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2019.10.001
  8. Durham AL, Adcock IM. The relationship between COPD and lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015;90:121-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.08.017
  9. Samet JM. Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide. Thorac Surg Clin 2013;23:103-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.01.009
  10. Stanhope BJ, Burdette WJ, Cochran WG, Farber E, Fieser LF, Furth J, et al. Smoking and health: report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service Publication No. 1103. Washington (DC): U.S. Government Printing Office; 1964. Available from: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-SMOKINGANDHEALTH/pdf/GPO-SMOKINGANDHEALTH.pdf
  11. Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco reports and publications. 2021 [updated 2020 Jan 23; cited 2021 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/tobacco/index.html
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current cigarette smoking among adults in the United States. 2020 [updated 2020 Dec 10; cited 2021 March 5]. Available from : https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm
  13. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Acute Coronary Events. Secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular effects: making sense of the evidence. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17226/12649
  14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. About the Synar Amendment and Program. 1992 [updated 2021 Aug 11; cited 2021 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/synar/about-synar
  15. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Tobacco 21. 2019 [updated 2021 Feb 22; cited 2021 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21
  16. Henry BJ. Impact of tobacco-control legislation. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2013;17:195-200. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1188/13.CJON.195-200
  17. Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT): II. Changes in adult cigarette smoking prevalence. Am J Public Health 1995;85:193-200. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.2.193
  18. Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT): I. Cohort results from a four-year community intervention. Am J Public Health 1995;85:183-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.2.183
  19. Stillman FA, Hartman AM, Graubard BI, Gilpin EA, Murray DM, Gibson JT. Evaluation of the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST): a report of outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1681-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djg098
  20. Roeseler A, Meaney M, Riordan M, Solomon M, Herndon S, Hallett C. NCI’s state and community research initiative: a model for future tobacco control research. Tob Control 2016;25:i1-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053350
  21. Meza R, Jimenez-Mendoza E, Levy DT. Trends in tobacco use among adolescents by grade, sex, and race, 1991-2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2027465. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27465
  22. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm
  23. Cornelius ME, Wang TW, Jamal A, Loretan CG, Neff LJ. Tobacco product use among adults — United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1736-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a4
  24. Henley SJ, Ward EM, Scott S, Ma J, Anderson RN, Firth AU, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part I: national cancer statistics. Cancer 2020;126:2225-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32802
  25. Gridelli C, Rossi A, Carbone DP, Guarize J, Karachaliou N, Mok T, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2015;1:15009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.9
  26. Jonas DE, Reuland DS, Reddy SM, Nagle M, Clark SD, Weber RP, et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2021;325:971-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2021.0377
  27. Suzuki Y, Orita M, Shiraishi M, Hayashi K, Sekiya T. Detection of ras gene mutations in human lung cancers by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Oncogene 1990;5:1037-43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2197591/
  28. Graziano SL, Gamble GP, Newman NB, Abbott LZ, Rooney M, Mookherjee S, et al. Prognostic significance of K-ras codon 12 mutations in patients with resected stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:668-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1999.17.2.668
  29. Mitsudomi T, Viallet J, Mulshine JL, Linnoila RI, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Mutations of ras genes distinguish a subset of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines from small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Oncogene 1991;6:1353-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5002(92)90122-z
  30. Nelson MA, Wymer J, Clements N Jr. Detection of K-ras gene mutations in non-neoplastic lung tissue and lung cancers. Cancer Lett 1996;103:115-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04202-4
  31. Riely GJ, Marks J, Pao W. KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6:201-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200809-107LC
  32. Ding L, Getz G, Wheeler DA, Mardis ER, McLellan MD, Cibulskis K, et al. Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2008;455:1069-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07423
  33. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2129-39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa040938
  34. Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004;304:1497-500. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099314
  35. Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Jänne PA, Kocher O, Meyerson M, et al. EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2005;352:786-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa044238
  36. Weiss J, Sos ML, Seidel D, Peifer M, Zander T, Heuckmann JM, et al. Frequent and focal FGFR1 amplification associates with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer. Sci Transl Med 2010;2:62ra93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001451
  37. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007;448:561-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05945
  38. Lipson D, Capelletti M, Yelensky R, Otto G, Parker A, Jarosz M, et al. Identification of new ALK and RET gene fusions from colorectal and lung cancer biopsies. Nat Med 2012;18:382-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2673
  39. Rikova K, Guo A, Zeng Q, Possemato A, Yu J, Haack H, et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 2007;131:1190-203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.025
  40. Ju YS, Lee WC, Shin JY, Lee S, Bleazard T, Won JK, et al. A transforming KIF5B and RET gene fusion in lung adenocarcinoma revealed from whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing. Genome Res 2012;22:436-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.133645.111
  41. Kohno T, Ichikawa H, Totoki Y, Yasuda K, Hiramoto M, Nammo T, et al. KIF5B-RET fusions in lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2012;18:375-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2644
  42. Takeuchi K, Soda M, Togashi Y, Suzuki R, Sakata S, Hatano S, et al. RET, ROS1 and ALK fusions in lung cancer. Nat Med 2012;18:378-81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2658
  43. Wolf J, Seto T, Han JY, Reguart N, Garon EB, Groen HJM, et al. Capmatinib in MET Exon 14-mutated or MET -amplified non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;383:944-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2002787
  44. Santarpia M, Massafra M, Gebbia V, D’Aquino A, Garipoli C, Altavilla G, et al. A narrative review of MET inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping mutations. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021;10:1536-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr-20-1113
  45. Vaishnavi A, Capelletti M, Le AT, Kako S, Butaney M, Ercan D, et al. Oncogenic and drug-sensitive NTRK1 rearrangements in lung cancer. Nat Med 2013;19:1469-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3352
  46. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011;144:646-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
  47. Nicholson LB. The immune system. Essays Biochem 2016;60:275-301. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160017
  48. Buchbinder EI, Desai A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition. Am J Clin Oncol 2016;39:98-106. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000239
  49. Reckamp KL. Advances in immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2015;13:847-53. Available from: https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/files/2015/12/Reckamp1.pdf
  50. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239

References 51-100

  1. Qiu Z, Chen Z, Zhang C, Zhong W. Achievements and futures of immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2019;8:19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-019-0143-z
  2. Yuan M, Huang LL, Chen JH, Wu J, Xu Q. The emerging treatment landscape of targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019;4:61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-019-0099-9
  3. Da Cunha Santos G, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS. EGFR mutations and lung cancer. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 2011;6:49-69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130206
  4. Iams WT, Porter J, Horn L. Immunotherapeutic approaches for small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020;17:300-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0316-z
  5. Fan YS. Companion diagnostic testing for targeted cancer therapies: an overview. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013;17:515-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2012.0510
  6. Gupta R, Othman T, Chen C, Sandhu J, Ouyang C, Fakih M. Guardant360 circulating tumor DNA assay is concordant with FoundationOne next‐generation sequencing in detecting actionable driver mutations in anti‐EGFR naive metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2020;25:235-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0441
  7. Islami F, Ward EM, Sung H, Ma J, Anderson RN, Firth AU, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: national cancer statistics. Cancer 2021;126:2225-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJAB131
  8. Rahib L, Wehner MR, Matrisian LM, Nead KT. Estimated projection of US cancer incidence and death to 2040. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e214708. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4708
  9. Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010;363:711-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1003466
  10. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2017. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1593107
  11. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
  12. COVID-19 hits cancer research funding. Cancer Discov 2020;10:756. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-ND2020-007
  13. Zon L, Gomes AP, Cance WG, Ribas A, Tuveson D, Postel-Vinay S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cancer research. Cancer Cell 2020;38:591-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.007
  14. Kamath SD, Kircher SM, Benson AB. Comparison of cancer burden and nonprofit oganization funding reveals disparities in funding across cancer types. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 2019;17:849-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.7125
  15. Birkmeyer JD, Barnato A, Birkmeyer N, Bessler R, Skinner J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States. Health Aff 2020;39:2010-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00980
  16. Patt D, Gordan L, Diaz M, Okon T, Grady L, Harmison M, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer care: how the pandemic is delaying cancer diagnosis and treatment for American seniors. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020;(4):1059-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/cci.20.00134
  17. American Hospital Association. Hospitals and health systems face unprecedented financial pressures due to COVID-19. 2020 May [cited 2021 Aug 9]. Available from: https://www.aha.org/guidesreports/2020-05-05-hospitals-and-health-systems-face-unprecedented-financial-pressures-due
  18. Lamont EB, Diamond SS, Katriel RG, Ensign LL, Liu J, Rusli E, et al. Trends in oncology clinical trials launched before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2036353. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36353
  19. Marcum M, Kurtzweil N, Vollmer C, Schmid L, Vollmer A, Kastl A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and impact on cancer clinical trials: an academic medical center perspective. Cancer Med 2020;9:6141-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3292
  20. Ribas A, Sengupta R, Locke T, Zaidi SK Campbell KM, Carethers JM, et al. Priority COVID-19 vaccination for patients with cancer while vaccine supply is limited. Cancer Discov 2021;11:233-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-1817
  21. Sng CCT, Wong YNS, Wu A, Ottaviani D, Chopra N, Galazi M, et al. Cancer history and systemic anti-cancer therapy independently predict COVID-19 mortality: a UK tertiary hospital experience. Front Oncol 2020;10:595804. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.595804
  22. Cattaneo C, Daffini R, Pagani C, Salvetti M, Mancin V, Borlenghi E, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in hematologic patients affected by COVID-19. Cancer 2020;126:5069-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33160
  23. Meng Y, Lu W, Guo E, Liu J, Yang B, Wu P, et al. Cancer history is an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a propensity score-matched analysis. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00907-0
  24. Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, Cole D, Goldfinger M, Acuna-Villaorduna A, et al. Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system. Cancer Discov 2020;10:935-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0516
  25. Rüthrich MM, Giessen-Jung C, Borgmann S, Classen AY, Dolff S, Grüner B, et al. COVID-19 in cancer patients: clinical characteristics and outcome – an analysis of the LEOSS registry. Ann Hematol 2020;100:383-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-020-04328-4
  26. Lunski MJ, Burton J, Tawagi K, Maslov D, Simenson V, Barr D, et al. Multivariate mortality analyses in COVID-19: comparing patients with cancer and patients without cancer in Louisiana. Cancer 2021;127:266-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33243
  27. Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, Zhong Q, Yang C, Liu B, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:893-903. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30309-0
  28. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov 2020;10:783-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422
  29. Yang L, Chai P, Yu J, Fan X. Effects of cancer on patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 63,019 participants. Cancer Biol Med 2021;18:298-307. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0559
  30. Wang QQ, Berger NA, Xu R. Analyses of risk, racial disparity, and outcomes among US patients with cancer and COVID-19 infection. JAMA Oncol 2020;7:220-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.6178
  31. Garassino MC, Whisenant JG, Huang LC, Trama A, Torri V, Agustoni F, et al. COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, registry-based, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:914-22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4
  32. Lara OD, O’Cearbhaill RE, Smith MJ, Sutter ME, Knisely A, McEachron J, et al. COVID-19 outcomes of patients with gynecologic cancer in New York City. Cancer 2020;126:4294-303. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33084
  33. Van Haren RM, Delman AM, Turner KM, Waits B, Hemingway M, Shah, SA, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer screening program and subsequent lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2020;232:600-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.12.002
  34. Xu Y, Liu H, Hu K, Wang M. Clinical management of lung cancer patients during the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Chinese J Lung Cancer 2020;23:136-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.03.02
  35. Hultcrantz M, Richter J, Rosenbaum CA, Patel D, Smith EL, Korde N, et al. COVID-19 infections and clinical outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma in New York City: a cohort study from five academic centers. Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1:234-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0102
  36. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature 2020;584:430-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
  37. Wang QQ, Berger NA, Xu R. When hematologic malignancies meet COVID-19 in the United States: Infections, death and disparities. Blood Rev 2020;47:100775. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100775
  38. Elmore LW, Greer SF, Daniels EC, Saxe CC, Melner MH, Krawiec GM, et al. Blueprint for cancer research: critical gaps and opportunities. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;71:107-39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21652
  39. Zugazagoitia J, Guedes C, Ponce S, Ferrer I, Molina-Pinelo S, Paz-Ares L. Current challenges in cancer treatment. Clin Ther 2016;38:1551-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.026
  40. National Cancer Institute. Cancer health disparities definitions. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/about-health-disparities/definitions
  41. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR cancer disparities progress report 2020 : achieving the bold vision of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities and other underserved populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:1843. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0269
  42. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures for African Americans 2019-2021. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans-2019-2021.pdf
  43. Melkonian SC, Weir HK, Jim MA, Preikschat B, Haverkamp D, White MC. Incidence and trends of the leading cancers with elevated incidence among American Indian and Alaska Native populations, 2012-2016. Am J Epidemiol. 2020;190:529-38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa222
  44. Zahnd WE, Gomez SL, Steck SE, Brown MJ, Ganai S, Zhang J, et al. Rural-urban and racial/ethnic trends and disparities in early-onset and average-onset colorectal cancer. Cancer 2020;127:239-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33256
  45. Boehmer U, Gereige J, Winter M, Ozonoff A, Scout N. Transgender individuals’ cancer survivorship: results of a cross-sectional study. Cancer 2020;126:2829-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32784
  46. Moss JL, Pinto CN, Srinivasan S, Cronin KA, Croyle RT. Persistent poverty and cancer mortality rates: an analysis of county-level poverty designations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:1949-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0007
  47. Berrian JL, Liu Y, Lian M, Schmaltz CL, Colditz GA. Relationship between insurance status and outcomes for patients with breast cancer in Missouri. Cancer 2020;127:931-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33330
  48. Zavala VA, Bracci PM, Carethers JM, Carvajal-Carmona L, Coggins NB, Cruz-Correa MR, et al. Cancer health disparities in racial/ethnic minorities in the United States. Br J Cancer 2021;124:315-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01038-6
  49. Miller JW, Plescia M, Ekwueme DU. Public health national approach to reducing breast and cervical cancer disparities. Cancer 2014;120(Suppl 16):2537-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28818
  50. Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff 2002;21:60-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.60

References 101-150

  1. Freedman JA, Abo M Al, Allen TA, Piwarski SA, Wegermann K, Patierno SR. Biological aspects of cancer health disparities. Annu Rev Med 2021;72:229-41. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-070119- 120305
  2. Newman LA. Cascading consequences of systemic racism on public health. Ann Surg 2021;273:10-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004592
  3. WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-report-on-cancer-setting-priorities-investing-wisely-and-providing-care-for-all
  4. 2017 National Population Projections Datasets [Internet]. U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, DC. 2017. Available from: https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2017/demo/popproj/2017-popproj.html
  5. Scott AR, Stoltzfus KC, Tchelebi LT, Trifiletti DM, Lehrer EJ, Rao P, et al. Trends in cancer incidence in US adolescents and young adults, 1973-2015. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2027738. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27738
  6. Siegel RL, Torre LA, Soerjomataram I, Hayes RB, Bray F, Weber TK, et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. Gut 2019;68:2179-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319511
  7. Bleyer A, Spreafico F, Barr R. Prostate cancer in young men: an emerging young adult and older adolescent challenge. Cancer 2020;126:46-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/CNCR.32498
  8. Codipilly DC, Sawas T, Dhaliwal L, Johnson JL, Lansing R, Wang KK, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of young-onset esophageal adenocarcinoma: an analysis from a population-based database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;30:142-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0944
  9. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Fedewa SA Butterly LF, Anderson JC, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70:145-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21601
  10. Gopal S, Sharpless NE. Cancer as a Global Health Priority. JAMA. 2021;326(9):809-810. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2021.12778
  11. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394-424. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
  12. United Nations Development Programme. Human development report 2020. New York: United Nations; 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210055161
  13. Wikipedia contributors. Developing country. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC. Accessed August 25, 2021. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country
  14. Hall MT, Simms KT, Lew JB, Smith MA, Brotherton JM, Saville M, et al. The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:e19-e27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
  15. Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, Drolet M, Gingras G, Burger EA, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet 2020;395:575-590. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30068-4
  16. Wells JC, Sharma S, Del Paggio JC, Hopman WM, Gyawali B, Mukherji D, et al. An Analysis of Contemporary Oncology Randomized Clinical Trials From Low/Middle-Income vs High-Income Countries. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:379-385. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.7478
  17. National Cancer Institute. NCI Priorities in Reducing Global Cancer Burden. [updated 2020 Sep 24; cited August 25, 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/cancer-global-reducing-burden-satish-gopal
  18. American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network. The costs of cancer: 2020 edition. 2020. Available from: https://www.fightcancer.org/sites/default/files/National Documents/Costs-of-Cancer-2020-10222020.pdf
  19. By the numbers: NCI budget breakdown, FY 2018. Cancer Discov 2019;9:160. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-NB2019-002
  20. Mariotto AB, Enewold L, Zhao J, Zeruto CA, Robin Yabroff K. Medical care costs associated with cancer survivorship in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:1304-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1534
  21. Zafar SY. Financial toxicity of cancer care: it’s time to intervene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016;108:djv370. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv370
  22. Rosenbaum L. The untold toll – the pandemic’s effects on patients without COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2368-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmms2009984
  23. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001;409:860-921. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/35057062
  24. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2011: transforming patient care through innovation. Available from: https://www.celebrationofscience.org/assets/Uploads/AACRCancerProgressReport2011.pdf
  25. Collins FS, Anderson JM, Austin CP, Battey JF, Birnbaum LS, Briggs JP, et al. Basic science: bedrock of progress. Science 2016;351:1405. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6280.1405-a
  26. Cleary EG, Beierlein JM, Khanuja NS, McNamee LM, Ledley FD. Contribution of NIH funding to new drug approvals 2010-2016. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:2329-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715368115
  27. Quinn JJ, Jones MG, Okimoto RA, Nanjo S, Chan MM, Yosef N, et al. Single-cell lineages reveal the rates, routes, and drivers of metastasis in cancer xenografts. Science 2021;371:eabc1944. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1944
  28. Ubellacker JM, Tasdogan A, Ramesh V, Shen B, Mitchell EC, Martin-Sandoval MS, et al. Lymph protects metastasizing melanoma cells from ferroptosis. Nature 2020;585:113-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2623-z
  29. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2014. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(Supplement 1):S1-S112. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2123
  30. Lee Y, Bogdanoff D, Wang Y, Hartoularos GC, Woo JM, Mowery CT, et al. Xyzeq: spatially resolved single-cell RNA sequencing reveals expression heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Adv 2021;7:eabg4722. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg4755
  31. Dentro SC, Leshchiner I, Haase K, Tarabichi M, Wintersinger J, Deshwar AG, et al. Characterizing genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity across 2,658 human cancer genomes. Cell 2021;184:2239-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.009
  32. De Jonge MM, De Kroon CD, Jenner DJ, Oosting J, de Hullu JA, Mourits MJE, et al. Endometrial cancer risk in women with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: multicenter cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Mar 12 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab036
  33. Tlemsani C, Takahashi N, Pongor L, Rajapakse VN, Tyagi M, Wen X, et al. Whole-exome sequencing reveals germline-mutated small cell lung cancer subtype with favorable response to DNA repair-targeted therapies. Sci Transl Med 2021;13:eabc7488. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc7488
  34. Samadder NJ, Riegert-Johnson D, Boardman L, Rhodes D, Wick M, Okuno S, et al. Comparison of universal genetic testing vs guideline-directed targeted testing for patients with hereditary cancer syndrome. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:230-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.6252
  35. Susswein LR, Marshall ML, Nusbaum R, Vogel Postula KJ, Weissman SM, Yackowski L, et al. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variant prevalence among the first 10,000 patients referred for next-generation cancer panel testing. Genet Med 2016;18:823-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.166
  36. Cobain EF, Wu YM, Vats P, Chugh R, Worden F, Smith DC, et al. Assessment of clinical benefit of integrative genomic profiling in advanced solid tumors. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:525-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.7987
  37. Huang KL, Mashl RJ, Wu Y, Ritter DI, Wang J, Oh C, et al. Pathogenic germline variants in 10,389 adult cancers. Cell 2018;173:355-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.039
  38. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010;140:883-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025
  39. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2015. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(Supplement 1):S1-S128. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1846
  40. Cieslik M, Chinnaiyan AM. Global genomics project unravels cancer’s complexity at unprecedented scale. Nature 2020;578:39-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00213-2
  41. ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium. Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes. Nature 2020;578:82-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1969-6
  42. Alexandrov LB, Kim J, Haradhvala NJ, Huang MN, Ng AWT, Wu Y, et al. The repertoire of mutational signatures in human cancer. Nature 2020;578:94-101. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41586-020-1943-3
  43. Gerstung M, Jolly C, Leshchiner I, Dentro SC, Gonzalez S, Rosebrock D, et al. The evolutionary history of 2,658 cancers. Nature 2020;578:122-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41586-019-1907-7
  44. Bach K, Pensa S, Zarocsinceva M, Kania K, Stockis J, Pinaud S, et al. Time-resolved single-cell analysis of Brca1 associated mammary tumourigenesis reveals aberrant differentiation of luminal progenitors. Nat Commun 2021;12:1502. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21783-3
  45. Breast Cancer Association Consortium, Dorling L, Carvalho S, Allen J, Gonzalez-Neira A, Luccarini C, et al. Breast cancer risk genes – association analysis in more than 113,000 women. N Engl J Med 2021;384:428-39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1913948
  46. Hu C, Hart SN, Gnanaolivu R, Huang H, Lee KY, Na J, et al. A population-based study of genes previously implicated in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2021;384:440-51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2005936
  47. Fiala EM, Jayakumaran G, Mauguen A, Kennedy JA, Bouvier N, Kemel Y, et al. Prospective pan-cancer germline testing using MSK-IMPACT informs clinical translation in 751 patients with pediatric solid tumors. Nat Cancer 2021;2:357-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-021-00172-1
  48. Feusier JE, Arunachalam S, Tashi T, Baker MJ, VanSant-Webb C, Ferdig A, et al. Large-scale Identification of clonal hematopoiesis and mutations recurrent in blood cancers. Blood Cancer Discov 2021;2:226-37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0094
  49. Fantini MC, Guadagni I. From inflammation to colitis-associated colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis and impact of current therapies. Dig Liver Dis 2021;53:558-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2021.01.012
  50. Jiang Q, Isquith J, Ladel L, Mark A, Holm F, Mason C, et al. Inflammation-driven deaminase deregulation fuels human pre-leukemia stem cell evolution. Cell Rep 2021;34:108670. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108670

References 151-200

  1. Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Regev A, Oberdoerffer P, Nawy T, Hupalowska A, Rood JE, et al. The Human Tumor Atlas Network: charting tumor transitions across space and time at single-cell resolution. Cell 2020;181:236-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.053
  2. Tilston-Lunel A, Mazzilli S, Kingston NM, Sqymaniak AD, Hicks-Berthet J, Kern JG, et al. Aberrant epithelial polarity cues drive the development of precancerous airway lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118:e2019282118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019282118
  3. Dawson MA. The cancer epigenome: concepts, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities. Science 2017;355:1147-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.AAM7304
  4. Chung C, Sweha SR, Pratt D, Tamrazi B, Panwalkar P, Banda A, et al. Integrated metabolic and epigenomic reprograming by H3K27M mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Cancer Cell 2020;38:334-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.07.008
  5. Sroka MW, Vakoc CR. An epigenetic tipping point in cancer comes under the microscope. Nature 2021;590:399-400. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00002-5
  6. Landry LG, Ali N, Williams DR, Rehm HL, Bonham VL. Lack Of diversity in genomic databases is a barrier to translating precision medicine research into practice. Health Aff 2018;37:780-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1377/HLTHAFF.2017.1595
  7. Sirugo G, Williams SM, Tishkoff SA. The missing diversity in human genetic studies. Cell 2019;177:26-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2019.02.048
  8. Zewdu A, Casadei L, Pollock RE, Braggio D. Adipose tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1226:73-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_6
  9. Hawkins ED, Duarte D, Akinduro O, Khorshed RA, Passaro D, Nowicka M, et al. T-cell acute leukaemia exhibits dynamic interactions with bone marrow microenvironments. Nature 2016;538:518-22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19801
  10. McGranahan N, Swanton C. Clonal heterogeneity and tumor evolution: past, present, and the future. Cell 2017;168:613-28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.018
  11. Feig C, Gopinathan A, Neesse A, Chan DS, Cook N, Tuveson DA. The pancreas cancer microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:4266-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3114
  12. Khalaf K, Hana D, Chou JTT, Singh C, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. Aspects of the tumor microenvironment involved in immune resistance and drug resistance. Front Immunol 2021;12:656364. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.656364
  13. Chen Y, Kim J, Yang S, Wang H, Wu CJ, Sugimoto H, et al. Type I collagen deletion in αSMA+ myofibroblasts augments immune suppression and accelerates progression of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2021;39:548-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.02.007
  14. Lim SA, Wei J, Nguyen TLM, Shi H, Su W, Palacios G, et al. Lipid signalling enforces functional specialization of Treg cells in tumours. Nature 2021;591:306-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03235-6
  15. Swanton C. Take lessons from cancer evolution to the clinic. Nature 2020;581:382-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01347-z
  16. Casanova-Acebes M, Dalla E, Leader AM, LeBerichel J, Nikolic J, Morales BM, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages provide a pro-tumorigenic niche to early NSCLC cells. Nature 2021;595:578-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03651-8
  17. Joshi K, de Massy MR, Ismail M, Reading JL, Uddin I, Woolston A, et al. Spatial heterogeneity of the T cell receptor repertoire reflects the mutational landscape in lung cancer. Nat Med 2019;25:1549-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41591-019-0592-2
  18. Abjul Jabbar K, Ahmed Raza SE, Rosenthal R, Jamal-Hanjani M, Veeriah S, Akarca A, et al. Geospatial immune variability illuminates differential evolution of lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2020;26:1054-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41591-020-0900-X
  19. Lopez S, Lim EL, Horswell S, Haase K, Huebner A, Dietzen M, et al. Interplay between whole-genome doubling and the accumulation of deleterious alterations in cancer evolution. Nat Genet 2020;52:283-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41588-020-0584-7
  20. Rosenthal R, Larose Cadieux E, Salgado R, Al Bakir M, Moore DA, Hiley CT, et al. Neoantigen-directed immune escape in lung cancer evolution. Nature 2019;567:479-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41586-019-1032-7
  21. Ghorani E, Reading JL, Henry JY, de Massy MR, Rosenthal R, Turati V, et al. The T cell differentiation landscape is shaped by tumour mutations in lung cancer. Nat Cancer 2020;1:546-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S43018-020-0066-Y
  22. American Association for Cancer Research. AACR Cancer Progress Report 2016. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(Supplement 1):S1-S137. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1993
  23. Wheeler DA, Takebe N, Hinoue T, Hoadley KA, Cardenas MF, Hamilton AM, et al. Molecular features of cancers exhibiting exceptional responses to treatment. Cancer Cell 2021;39:39:38-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.015
  24. Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, Meza R, Kong CY, Cronin KA, et al. The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med 2020;383:640-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1916623
  25. Pishvaian MJ, Blais EM, Brody JR, Lyons E, DeArbeloa P, Hendifar A, et al. Overall survival in patients with pancreatic cancer receiving matched therapies following molecular profiling: a retrospective analysis of the Know Your Tumor registry trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:508-518. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30074-7
  26. Sicklick JK, Kato S, Okamura R, Schwaederle M, Hahn ME, Williams CB, et al. Molecular profiling of cancer patients enables personalized combination therapy: the I-PREDICT study. Nat Med 2019;25:744-50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41591-019-0407-5
  27. Lee JS, Nair NU, Dinstag G, Chapman L, Chung Y, Wang K, et al. Synthetic lethality-mediated precision oncology via the tumor transcriptome. Cell 2021;184:2487-502. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.030
  28. Davar D, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch JA, Rodrigues RR, Chauvin JM, Morrison RM, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients. Science 2021;371:595-602. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3363
  29. Kaiser J. Special diets might boost the power of drugs to vanquish cancers. Science 2021 Apr 1. Available from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/04/special-diets-might-boost-power-drugs-vanquish-cancers
  30. Zhu M, Wang T, Huang Y, Zhao X, Ding Y, Zhu M, et al. Genetic risk for overall cancer and the benefit of adherence to a healthy lifestyle. Cancer Res 2021 Jul 28 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0836
  31. Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Jacobs EJ, et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:31-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21440
  32. Sung H, Hyun N, Leach CR, Yabroff KR, Jemal A. Association of first primary cancer with risk of subsequent primary cancer among survivors of adult-onset cancers in the United States. JAMA 2020;324:2521-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.23130
  33. Petrelli F, Cortellini A, Indini A, Tomasello G, Ghidini M, Nigro O, et al. Association of obesity with survival outcomes in patients with cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e213520. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3520
  34. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR cancer progress report 2018: harnessing research discoveries for patient benefit. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:4351. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2756
  35. Islami F, Bandi P, Sahar L, Ma J, Drope J, Jemal A. Cancer deaths attributable to cigarette smoking in 152 U.S. metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas, 2013-2017. Cancer Causes Control 2021;32:311-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01385-y
  36. Trust for America’s Health. The state of obesity 2020: better policies for a healthier America. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2020 Sept. Available from: https://www.tfah.org/report-details/state-of-obesity-2020/
  37. Sung H, Siegel RL, Rosenberg PS, Jemal A. Emerging cancer trends among young adults in the USA: analysis of a population-based cancer registry. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:e137-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30267-6
  38. Koroukian SM, Dong W, Berger NA. Changes in age distribution of obesity-associated cancers. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e199261. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2019.9261
  39. Avery CL, Howard AG, Nichols HB. Comparison of 20-year obesity-associated cancer mortality trends with heart disease mortality trends in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e218356. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8356
  40. Shastri SS, Talluri R, Shete S. Disparities in secondhand smoke exposure in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018. JAMA Intern Med 2021;181:134-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3975
  41. The state of childhood obesity – helping all children grow up healthy. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. [updated 2020 Oct; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/
  42. Department of Public Health, City of Philadelphia. Neighborhood food retail in Philadelphia. 2019 Sep. Available from: https://www.phila.gov/media/20190923114738/GHP_FoodAccessRpt_Final_wDate.pdf
  43. Bandi P, Minihan AK, Siegel RL, Islami F, Nargis N, Jemal A, et al. Updated review of major cancer risk factors and screening test use in the United States in 2018 and 2019, with a focus on smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021:30:1287-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1754
  44. Centers for Disease Conrol and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance – United States. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/SurveillanceRpts.htm
  45. American Lung Association. Key findings: state of the air. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/research/sota/
  46. American Lung Association. State of tobacco control 2021. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.lung.org/research/sotc
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer and tobacco use. CDC Vital Signs, November 2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/cancerandtobacco/index.html
  48. Vaz M, Hwang SY, Kagiampakis I, Phallen J, Patil A, O’Hagan HM, et al. Chronic cigarette smoke-induced epigenomic changes precede sensitization of bronchial epithelial cells to single-step transformation by KRAS mutations. Cancer Cell 2017;32:360-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCELL.2017.08.006
  49. Barrow TM, Klett H, Toth R, Bohm J, Gigic B, Habermann N, et al. Smoking is associated with hypermethylation of the APC 1A promoter in colorectal cancer: the ColoCare Study. J Pathol 2017;243:366-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/PATH.4955
  50. United States Public Health Services Office of the Surgeon General; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington (DC); US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.

References 201-250

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking – 50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm
  2. Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Jamal A, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, et al. Tobacco product use among middle and high school students — United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1881-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6950A1
  3. Pérez A, N’Hpang RS, Callahan E, Bluestein M, Kuk AE, chen B, et al. Age at initiation of cigarette use in a nationally representative sample of US youth, 2013-2017. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e210218. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0218
  4. Barrington-Trimis JL, Braymiller JL, Unger JB, Bluestein M, Kuk AE, Chen B, et al. Trends in the age of cigarette smoking initiation among young adults in the US from 2002 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e210218. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19022
  5. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2021;397:2337-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01169-7
  6. Drouin O, Sato R, Drehmer JE, Nabi-Burza E, Walters BH, Winickoff JP, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a smoking cessation Intervention for parents in pediatric primary care. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e213927. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3927
  7. Luk TT, Lam TH, Leung WC, Leung KY, Cheung KW, Kwa C, et al. Brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy sampling, and active referral for expectant fathers who smoke cigarettes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2021;181:1081-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2757
  8. Nabi-Burza E, Drehmer JE, Walters BH, Rigotti NA, Ossip DJ, Levy DE, et al. Treating parents for tobacco use in the pediatric setting: The Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2019;173:931-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2019.2639
  9. Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Coppola EL, Melnikow J, Durbin S, Thomas RG. Interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2021;325:280-98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.23541
  10. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons. JAMA 2021;325:265-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.25019
  11. Christensen CH, Rostron B, Cosgrove C, Altekruse SF, Hartman AM, Gibson JT, et al. Association of cigarette, cigar, and pipe use with mortality risk in the US population. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178:469-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAINTERNMED.2017.8625
  12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Surgeon General’s advisory on e-cigarette use among youth. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17226/24952
  13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/index.htm
  14. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K, editors. Public health consequences of e-cigarettes. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018 Jan 23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17226/24952
  15. Wang TW, Gentzke AS, Neff LJ, Glidden EV, Jamal A, Park-Lee E, et al. Characteristics of e-cigarette use behaviors among US youth, 2020. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2111336. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11336
  16. Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Jamal A, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Neff LJ, et al. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students — United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1310-2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6950A1
  17. Friedman AS, Xu S. Associations of flavored e-cigarette uptake with subsequent smoking initiation and cessation. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e203826. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2020.3826
  18. Pierce JP, Chen R, Leas EC, White MM, Kealey S, Stone MD, et al. Use of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products and progression to daily cigarette smoking. Pediatrics 2021;147:e2020025122. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-025122
  19. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Some e-cigarette users are having seizures, most reports involving youth and young adults. [updated 2019 Apr 10; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/ctp-newsroom/some-e-cigarette-users-are-having-seizures-most-reports-involving-youth-and-young-adults
  20. Ellington S, Salvatore PP, Ko J, Danielson M, Kim L, Cyrus A, et al. Update: product, substance-use, and demographic characteristics of hospitalized patients in a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury — United States, August 2019-January 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:44-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6902E2
  21. Chatham-Stephens K, Roguski K, Jang Y, Cho P, Jatlaoui TC, Kabbani S, et al. Characteristics of hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients in a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury — United States, November 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:1076-80. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6846E1
  22. Adkins SH, Anderson KN, Goodman AB, Twentyman E, Danielson ML, Kimball A, et al. Demographics, substance use behaviors, and clinical characteristics of adolescents with e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) in the United States in 2019. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:e200756. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2020.0756
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Newsroom. CDC, states update number of hospitalized EVALI cases and EVALI deaths. 2020 Feb 25. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0225-EVALI-cases-deaths.html
  24. Heinzerling A, Armatas C, Karmarkar E, Attfield K, Guo W, Wang Y, et al. Severe lung injury associated with use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products-California, 2019. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:861-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAINTERNMED.2020.0664
  25. Navon L, Jones CM, Ghinai I, King BA, Briss PA, Hacker KA, et al. Risk factors for e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) among adults who use e-cigarette, or vaping, products — Illinois, July-October 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:1034-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6845E1
  26. Xie W, Kathuria H, Galiatsatos P, Blaha MJ, Hamburg NM, Robertson RM, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with incident respiratory conditions among US adults from 2013 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2020816. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20816
  27. Caporale A, Langham MC, Guo W, Johncola A, Chatterjee S, Wehrli FW. Acute effects of electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation on vascular function detected at quantitative MRI. Radiology 2019;293:97-106. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1148/RADIOL.2019190562
  28. Bhatta DN, Glantz SA. Association of e-cigarette use with respiratory disease among adults: a longitudinal analysis. Am J Prev Med 2020;58:182-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMEPRE.2019.07.028
  29. Bjurlin MA, Matulewicz RS, Roberts TR, Dearing BA, Schatz D, Sherman S, et al. Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol. 2020; S2588-9311:30029-8. Available from: https://euoncology.europeanurology.com/article/S2588-9311(20)30029-8/fulltext
  30. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. 2021 Jul 27. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240032095
  31. Gaiha SM, Lempert LK, Halpern-Felsher B. Underage youth and young adult e-cigarette use and access before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2027572. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27572
  32. Smith TT, Nahhas GJ, Carpenter MJ, Squeglia LM, Diaz VA, Leventhal AM, et al. Intention to quit vaping among United States adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 2021;175:97-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2348
  33. Graham AL, Amato MS, Cha S, Jacobs MA, Bottcher MM, Papandonatos GD. Effectiveness of a vaping cessation text message program among young adult e-cigarette users: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2021;181:923-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1793
  34. Bennett M, Hair EC, Liu M, Pitzer L, Rath JM, Vallone DM. Exposure to tobacco content in episodic programs and tobacco and E-cigarette initiation. Prev Med 2020;139:106169. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106169
  35. Mayer M, Reyes-Guzman C, Grana R, Choi K, Freedman ND. Demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, and e-cigarette use among US adults. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2020694. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20694
  36. Everard CD, Silveira ML, Kimmel HL, Marshall D, Blanco C, Compton WM. Association of electronic nicotine delivery system use with cigarette smoking relapse among former smokers in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e204813. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4813
  37. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA 2018;320:2020-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2018.14854
  38. Matthews CE, Moore SC, Arem H, Cook MB, Trabert B, Hakansson N, et al. Amount and intensity of leisure-time physical activity and lower cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:686-98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02407
  39. Patel AV, Friedenreich CM, Moore SC, Hayes SC, Silver JK, Campbell KL, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable report on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cancer prevention and control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019;51:2391-402. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002117
  40. Moore SC, Lee IM, Weiderpass E, Campbell PT, Sampson JN, Kitahara CM, et al. Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:816-25. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAINTERNMED.2016.1548
  41. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet and Cancer Report. Continuous Update Project. Expert Report. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/diet-and-cancer/
  42. Luby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K, et al. Body fatness and cancer – viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med 2016;375:794-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMSR1606602
  43. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project. Expert Report 2018. Body fatness and weight gain and the risk of cancer. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Body-fatness-and-weight-gain_0.pdf
  44. Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Martin CB, Freedman DS, Carroll MD, Gu Q, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence by race and hispanic origin – 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA 2020;324:1208-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14590
  45. Kwak YE, McMillan R, McDonald EK 4th. Trends in overweight and obesity self-awareness among adults with overweight or obesity in the United States, 1999 to 2016. Ann Intern Med 2021;174:721-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-3882
  46. Katzmarzyk PT, Martin CK, Newton RL Jr, Apolzan JW, Arnold CL, Davis TC, et al. Weight loss in underserved patients — a cluster-randomized trial. N Engl J Med 2020;383:909-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2007448
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19: people with certain medical conditions. [updated 2021 May 13; cited 2021 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
  48. Xie W, Lundberg DJ, Collins JM, Johnston SS, Waggoner JR, Hsiao CW, et al. Association of weight loss between early adulthood and midlife with all-cause mortality risk in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2013448. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13448
  49. Tao W, Santoni G, von Euler-Chelpin M, Ljung R, Lynge E, Pukkala E, et al. Cancer risk after bariatric surgery in a cohort study from the five Nordic countries. Obes Surg 2020;30:3761-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-04751-6
  50. Schauer DP, Feigelson HS, Koebnick C, Caan B, Weinmann S, Leonard AC, et al. Bariatric surgery and the risk of cancer in a large multisite cohort. Ann Surg 2019;269:95-101. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002525

References 251-300

  1. DocWire News. Weight loss surgery cuts risk of pancreatic cancer for obese patients with type 2 diabetes. 2020 Oct 14. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.docwirenews.com/hematology-oncology/weight-loss-surgery-cuts-risk-of-pancreatic-cancer-for-obese-patients-with-type-2-diabetes/
  2. Rock CL, Thomson C, Gansler T, Gapstur SM, McCullough ML, Patel AV, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70:245-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/CAAC.21591
  3. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2020-2025. 9th edition; December 2020; Available from: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf
  4. Zhang FF, Cudhea F, Shan Z, Michaud DS, Imamura F, Eom H, et al. Preventable cancer burden associated with poor diet in the United States. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019;3:pkz034. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCICS/PKZ034
  5. Wang DD, Li Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Rosner BA, Sun Q, Giovannucci EL, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies of US men and women and a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies. Circulation 2021;143:1642-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996
  6. Veettil SK, Tse YW, Loo YS, Playdon MC, Lai NM, Giovannucci EL, et al. Role of diet in colorectal cancer incidence umbrella review of Meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2037341. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37341
  7. Gurjao C, Zhong R, Haruki K, Li YY, Spurr LF, Lee-Six H, et al. Discovery and features of an alkylating signature in colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov 2021 Jun 17 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1656
  8. Lange SJ, Moore LV, Harris DM, Merlo CL, Lee SH, Demissie Z, et al. Percentage of Adolescents Meeting Federal Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations — Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:69-74. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e2.htm
  9. Good M, Braun AC, Taylor CA, Spees CK. US adults fall short of the dietary guidelines for cancer prevention regardless of BMI category. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021 Mar 30 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2021.02.013
  10. Myers CA, Mire EF, Katzmarzyk PT. Trends in adiposity and food insecurity among US adults. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2012767. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12767
  11. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. What’s new with the nutrition facts label. [updated 2020 Mar 11; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/food/new-nutrition-facts-label/whats-new-nutrition-facts-label
  12. American Cancer Society. Cancer prevention & early detection: facts & figures 2021-2022. Atlanta: American Cancer Society: 2021. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/cancer-prevention-early-detection.html
  13. Koyratty N, McCann SE, Millen AE, Nie J, Trevisan M, Freudenheim JL. Sugar-sweetened soda consumption and total and breast cancer mortality: The Western New York exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:945-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1242
  14. Hur J, Otegbeye E, Joh HK, Nimptsch K, Ng K, Ogino S, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women. Gut 2021 May 6 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323450
  15. Chazelas E, Srour B, Desmetz E, Kess-Guyot E, Julia C, Deschamps V, et al. Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ 2019;366:12408. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2408
  16. Rosinger A, Herrick K, Gahche J, Park S. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among U.S. youth, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief 2017;271:1-8. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db271.htm
  17. Rosinger A, Herrick K, Gahche J, Park S. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among U.S. adults, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief 2017;270:1-8. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db271.htm
  18. Joh HK, Lee DH, Hur J, Nimptsch K, Chang Y, Joung H, et al. Simple sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intake during adolescence and risk of colorectal cancer precursors. Gastroenterology 2021;161:128-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.028
  19. Vercammen KA, Moran AJ, Soto MJ, Kennedy-Shaffer L, Bleich SN. Decreasing trends in heavy sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the United States, 2003 to 2016. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020;120:1974-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.012
  20. Du M, Griecci CF, Kim DD, Cudhea F, Ruan M, Eom H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a national sugar-sweetened beverage tax to reduce cancer burdens and disparities in the United States. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021;4:pkaa073. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCICS/PKAA073
  21. Du M, Griecci CF, Cudhea FF, Eom H, Kim DD, Wilde P, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of nutrition facts added-sugar labeling and obesity-associated cancer rates in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2021:4:e217501. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7501
  22. Gilchrist SC, Howard VJ, Akinyemiju T, Judd SE, Cushman M, Hooker SP, et al. Association of sedentary behavior with cancer mortality in middle-aged and older US adults. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1210-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2020.2045
  23. American Cancer Society. Cancer prevention & early detection facts & figures 2019-2020. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2019. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-facts-and-figures/cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-facts-and-figures-2019-2020.pdf
  24. Stockwell S, Trott M, Tully M, Shin J, Barnett Y, Butler L, et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021;7:e000960. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960
  25. Katzmarzyk PT, Friedenreich C, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Br J Sports Med 2021 Mar 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103640
  26. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020;54:1451-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
  27. Papadimitriou N, Markozannes G, Kanellopoulou A, Critselis E, Alhardan S, Karafousia V, et al. An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites. Nat Commun 2021;12:4579. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24861-8
  28. Hydes TJ, Burton R, Inskip H, Bellis MA, Sheron N. A comparison of gender-linked population cancer risks between alcohol and tobacco: how many cigarettes are there in a bottle of wine? BMC Public Heal 2019;19:316. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-019-6576-9
  29. LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ. Alcohol and cancer: a statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:83-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155
  30. White AJ, DeRoo LA, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Lifetime alcohol intake, binge drinking behaviors, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 2017;186:541-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/AJE/KWX118
  31. Xi B, Veeranki SP, Zhao M, Ma C, Yan Y, Mi J. Relationship of alcohol consumption to all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:913-22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2017.06.054
  32. Goding Sauer A, Fedewa SA, Bandi P, Miniham AK, Stoklosa M, Drope J, et al. Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to alcohol consumption by US state, 2013-2016. Cancer Epidemiol 2021;71:101893. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2021.101893
  33. Han BH, Moore AA, Ferris R, Palamar JJ. Binge drinking among older adults in the United States, 2015 to 2017. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019;67:2139-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/JGS.16071
  34. Kanny D, Naimi TS, Liu Y, Brewer RD. Trends in total binge drinks per adult who reported binge drinking — United States, 2011-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:30-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6902A2
  35. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report. Alcohol consumption. [updated 2021 Jul; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://progressreport.cancer.gov/prevention/alcohol
  36. Spencer MR, Curtin SC, Hedegaard H. Rates of alcohol-induced deaths among adults aged 25 and over in urban and rural areas: United States, 2000-2018. NCHS Data Brief 2020;383:1-8. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db383.htm
  37. Pollard MS, Tucker JS, Green HD. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2022942. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942
  38. McKnight-Eily LR, Okoro CA, Turay K, Acero C, Hungerford D. Screening for alcohol use and brief counseling of adults — 13 states and the District of Columbia, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:265-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6910A3
  39. Boersma P, Villarroel MA, Vahratian A. Heavy drinking among U.S. adults, 2018. NCHS Data Brief 2020;374:1-8. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db374.htm
  40. GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5:987-1012. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7
  41. Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, Ferrari P, Sornpaisarn B, Obot I, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:1071-80. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00279-5
  42. Hobin E, Weerasinghe A, Vallance K, Hammond D, McGavock J, Greenfield TK, et al. Testing alcohol labels as a tool to communicate cancer risk to drinkers: a real-world quasi-experimental study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020;81:249-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15288/JSAD.2020.81.249
  43. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Available from: https://www.ttb.gov/
  44. Islami F, Sauer AG, Miller KD, Fedewa SA Minihan AK, Geller AC, et al. Cutaneous melanomas attributable to ultraviolet radiation exposure by state. Int J Cancer 2020;147:1385-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/IJC.32921
  45. Dennis LK, Vanbeek MJ, Beane Freeman LE, Smith B, Dawson DV, Coughlin JA. Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18:61-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNEPIDEM.2008.04.006
  46. Welch HG, Mazer BL, Adamson AS. The rapid rise in cutaneous melanoma diagnoses. N Engl J Med 2021;384:72-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmsb2019760
  47. American Academy of Dermatology Association. New American Academy of Dermatology survey finds one-third of Americans fail basic quiz on skin cancer and sun exposure. 2021 Apr 27. Available from: https://www.aad.org/news/aad-survey-finds-americans-fail-skin-cancer-quiz
  48. Stapleton JL, Hrywna M, Coups EJ, Delnevo C, Heckman CJ, Xu B. Prevalence and location of indoor tanning among high school students in New Jersey 5 years after the enactment of youth access restrictions. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:1223-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2935
  49. Eskander A, Marqueen KE, Edwards HA, Joshua AM, Petrella TM, de Almeida JR, et al. To ban or not to ban tanning bed use for minors: A cost-effectiveness analysis from multiple US perspectives for invasive melanoma. Cancer 2021;127:2333-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33499
  50. de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clofford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Heal 2020;8:e180-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7

References 301-350

  1. Hong CY, Sinn DH, Kang D, Paik SW, Guallar E, Cho J, et al. Incidence of extrahepatic cancers among individuals with chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection: a nationwide cohort study. J Viral Hepat 2020;27:896-903. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/JVH.13304
  2. Ryerson AB, Schillie S, Barker LK, Kupronis BA, Wester C. Vital signs: newly reported acute and chronic hepatitis C cases ― United States, 2009-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:399-404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6914a2
  3. US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2020;323:970-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.1123
  4. Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults — United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69:1-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.RR6902A1
  5. Kaufman HW, Bull-Otterson L, Meyer WA 3rd, Huang X, Doshani M, Thompson WM, et al. Decreases in hepatitis C testing and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med 2021 May 10 [Eppub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.011
  6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020. Viral hepatitis national strategic plan for the United States: a roadmap to elimination (2021-2025). Washington, DC. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Viral-Hepatitis-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025.pdf
  7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV and cancer: cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). [updated 2020 Sep 3; cited 2021 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic_info/cancers.htm
  8. Rosenblum HG, Lewis RM, Gargano JW, Querec TD, Unger ER, Markowitz LE. Declines in prevalence of human papillomavirus vaccine-type infection among females after introduction of vaccine — United States, 2003-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:415-20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7012a2
  9. Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM, Wang J, Roth A, Fang F, et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. 2020;383:1340-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1917338
  10. Mix JM, van Dyne EA, Saraiya M, Hallowell BD, Thomas CC. Assessing impact of HPV vaccination on cervical cancer incidence among women aged 15-29 years in the United States, 1999-2017: an ecologic study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:30-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0846
  11. Pingali C. National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years — United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1183-1190. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM7035A1
  12. Williams EA, Newberg J, Williams KJ, Montesion M, Alexander BM, Lin DL, et al. Prevalence of high-risk nonvaccine human papillomavirus types in advanced squamous cell carcinoma among individuals of African vs non-African ancestry. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e216481. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6481
  13. Szilagyi PG, Humiston SG, Stephens-Shields AJ, Localio R, Breck A, Kelly MK, et al. Effect of training pediatric clinicians in human papillomavirus communication strategies on human papillomavirus vaccination rates: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2021 May 24 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0766
  14. Sonawane K, Zhu Y, Lin YY, Damgacioglu H, Lin Y, Montealegre JR, et al. HPV vaccine recommendations and parental intent. Pediatrics 2021;147:e2020026286. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-026286
  15. Murthy VH. Confronting health misinformation: the U.S. Surgeon General’s advisory on building a healthy information environment. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-misinformation-advisory.pdf
  16. Ambrosone CB, Higgins MJ. Relationships between breast feeding and breast cancer subtypes: lessons learned from studies in humans and in mice. Cancer Res 2020;80:4871-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-0077
  17. Lord SJ, Bernstein L, Johnson KA, Malone KE, McDonald JA, Marchbanks PA, et al. Breast cancer risk and hormone receptor status in older women by parity, age of first birth, and breastfeeding: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:1723-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2824
  18. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project. Expert Report 2018. Lactation and the risk of cancer. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Lactation.pdf
  19. Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA, Hong CC, Schedin P, Bethea TN, et al. Parity, lactation, and breast cancer subtypes in African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:dju237. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJU237
  20. Islami F, Liu Y, Jemal A, Zhou J, Weiderpass E, Colditz G, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2015;26:2398-407. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNONC/MDV379
  21. Moorman PG, Alberg AJ, Bandera EV, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Bondy M, Cote ML, et al. Reproductive factors and ovarian cancer risk in African-American women. Ann Epidemiol 2016;26:654-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNEPIDEM.2016.07.004
  22. Babic A, Sasamoto N, Rosner BA, Tworoger SS, Jordan SJ, Risch HA, et al. Association between breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:e200421. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2020.0421
  23. Hoyt-Austin A, Dove MS, Abrahão R, Kair LR, Schwarz EB. Awareness that breastfeeding reduces breast cancer risk: 2015-2017 National Survey of Family Growth. Obstet Gynecol 2020;136:1154-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004162
  24. Chiang KV., Li R, Anstey EH, Perrine CG. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding initiation ─ United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:769-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7021a1
  25. Beauregard JL, Hamner HC, Chen J, Avila-Rodriguez W, Elam-Evans LD, Perrine CG. Racial disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration among U.S. infants born in 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:745-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6834A3
  26. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Pan K, et al. Association of menopausal hormone therapy with breast cancer incidence and mortality during long-term follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA 2020;324:369-80. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.9482
  27. Chlebowski RT, Anderson G, Pettinger M, Lane D, Langer RD, Gilligan MA, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:370-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHINTERNMED.2007.123
  28. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet 2019;394:1159-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X
  29. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Gass M, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2009;360:573-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA0807684
  30. Rosenberg L, Bethea TN, Viscidi E, Hong CC, Troester MA, Bandera EV, et al. Postmenopausal female hormone use and estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer in African American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016;108:361. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJV361
  31. Ellingjord-Dale M, Vos L, Tretli S, Hofvind S, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Ursin G. Parity hormones and breast cancer subtypes – results from a large nested case-control study in a national screening program. Breast Cancer Res 2017;19:10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/S13058-016-0798-X
  32. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ 2020;371:m3873. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3873
  33. National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS. Cancer trends progress report. Bethesda, MD, 2021 Jul. Available from: https://progressreport.cancer.gov/
  34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 14th report on carcinogens. [updated 2016 Nov 3; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/cancer/roc/index.html
  35. Li N, Zhai Z, Zheng Y, Lin S, Deng Y, Xiang G, et al. Association of 13 occupational carcinogens in patients with cancer, individually and collectively, 1990-2017. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2037530. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37530
  36. Loomis D, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:1262-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70487-X
  37. Baurick T, Younes L, Meiners J. Welcome to “cancer alley,” where toxic air is about to get worse. ProPublica 2019 Oct 30. Available from:. https://www.propublica.org/article/welcome-to-cancer-alley-where-toxic-air-is-about-to-get-worse
  38. Serrano MJ, Garrido-Navas MC, Diaz Mochon JJ, Cristofanilli M, Gil-Bazo I, Pauwels P, et al. Precision prevention and cancer interception: the new challenges of liquid biopsy. Cancer Discov 2020;10:1635-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0466
  39. Klein CA. Cancer progression and the invisible phase of metastatic colonization. Nat Rev Cancer 2020;20:681-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-00300-6
  40. Eden RE, Coviello JM. Chronic myelogenous leukemia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
  41. De Rubis G, Rajeev Krishnan S, Bebawy M. Liquid biopsies in cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019;40:172-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2019.01.006
  42. Levy SE, Myers RM. Advancements in next-generation sequencing. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2016;17:95-115. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022413
  43. Klein EA, Richards D, Cohn A, Tummala M, Lapham R, Cosgrove D, et al. Clinical validation of a targeted methylation-based multi-cancer early detection test using an independent validation set. Ann Oncol 2021;32:1167-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNONC.2021.05.806
  44. Liu MC, Oxnard GR, Klein EA, Swanton C, Seiden MV, CCGA Consortium. Sensitive and specific multi-cancer detection and localization using methylation signatures in cell-free DNA. Ann Oncol 2020;31:745-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.02.011
  45. Liu MC. Transforming the landscape of early cancer detection using blood tests—commentary on current methodologies and future prospects. Br J Cancer 2021 124:1475-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01223-7
  46. Hubbell E, Clarke CA, Aravanis AM, Berg CD. Modeled reductions in late-stage cancer with a multi-cancer early detection test. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:460-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1134
  47. Hathaway C, Paetsch P, Li Y, Wu J, Asgarian S, Parker A, et al. Association of breast cancer screening behaviors with stage at breast cancer diagnosis and potential for additive multi-cancer detection via liquid biopsy screening: a claims-based study. Front Oncol 2021;11:688455. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.688455
  48. Keller L, Belloum Y, Wikman H, Pantel K. Clinical relevance of blood-based ctDNA analysis: mutation detection and beyond. Br J Cancer 2021;124:345-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01047-5
  49. Svoboda E. Artificial intelligence is improving the detection of lung cancer. Nature 2020;587:S20-2. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03157-9
  50. Van Booven DJ, Kuchakulla M, Pai R, Frech FS, Ramasahayam R, Reddy P, et al. A systematic review of artificial intelligence in prostate cancer. Res Reports Urol 2021;13:31-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S268596

References 351-400

  1. Pacilè S, Lopez J, Chone P, Bertinotti T, Grouin JM, Fillard P. Improving breast cancer detection accuracy of mammography with the concurrent use of an artificial intelligence tool. Radiol Artif Intell 2020;2:e190208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.2020190208
  2. The Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release. FDA authorizes marketing of first device that uses artificial intelligence to help detect potential signs of colon cancer. 2021 Apr 9. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-first-device-uses-artificial-intelligence-help-detect-potential-signs-colon
  3. Dias R, Torkamani A. Artificial intelligence in clinical and genomic diagnostics. Genome Med 2019;11:70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-019-0689-8
  4. Callaway E. “It will change everything”: DeepMind’s AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures. Nature 2020;588:203-4.
  5. Paul D, Sanap G, Shenoy S, Kalyane D, Kalia K, Tekade RK. Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2021;26:80-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.010
  6. Savage N. How AI is improving cancer diagnostics. Nature 2020;579:S14-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00847-2
  7. Mittra I, Mishra GA, DIkshit RP, Gupta S, Kulkarni VY, Shaikh HKA, et al. Effect of screening by clinical breast examination on breast cancer incidence and mortality after 20 years: prospective, cluster randomised controlled trial in Mumbai. BMJ 2021;372:n256. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n256
  8. National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011;365:395-409. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1102873
  9. de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Heuvelmans MA, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N Engl J Med 2020;382:503-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1911793
  10. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2021;325:962-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1117
  11. Aldrich MC, Mercaldo SF, Sandler KL, Blot WJ, Grogan EL, Blume JD. Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:1318-24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1402
  12. Duffy SW, Vulkan D, Cuckle H, Parmar D, Sheikh S, Smith RA, et al. Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality (UK Age trial): final results of a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:1165-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30398-3
  13. Nazari SS, Mukherjee P. An overview of mammographic density and its association with breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2018;25:259-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-018-0857-5
  14. Brown GR, Simon M, Wentling C, Spencer DM, Parker AN, Rogers CA. A review of inherited cancer susceptibility syndromes. JAAPA 2020;33:10-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000721648.46099.2c
  15. Kassem N, Stout LA, Hunter C, Schneider B, Radovich M. Precision prevention: the current state and future of genomically guided cancer prevention. JCO Precis Oncol. 2020;4:96-108. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/po.19.00278
  16. Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Miele L, Noubissi F, Lowe L, Fonseca DD, et al. Health and racial disparity in breast cancer. Ad Exp Med Biol 2019;1152:31-49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_3
  17. Rebner M, Pai VR. Breast cancer screening recommendations: African American women are at a disadvantage. J Breast Imaging 2020;2:416-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa067
  18. Benavidez GA, Zgodic A, Zahnd WE, Eberth JM. Disparities in meeting USPSTF breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening guidelines among women in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2021;18:E37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200315
  19. Washington SL 3rd, Jeong CW, Lonergan PE, Herlemann A, Gomez SL, Carroll PR, et al. Regional variation in active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2031349. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31349
  20. Zgodic A, Zahnd WE, Advani S, Eberth JM. Low-dose CT lung cancer screening uptake: a rural-urban comparison. J Rural Heal 2021 Mar 18 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12568
  21. United States Census Bureau. Poverty thresholds. [updated 2021 Feb 2; cited 2021 Apr 27]. Available from: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html
  22. Bakouny Z, Paciotti M, Schmidt AL, Lipsitz SR, Choueiri TK, Trinh QD. Cancer screening tests and cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:458-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.7600
  23. Epic Health Research Network. Delayed cancer screenings. 2020 May 4; [updated 2020 Jul 17]. Available from: https://ehrn.org/articles/delays-in-preventive-cancer-screenings-during-covid-19-pandemic/
  24. Sabatino SA, Thompson TD, White MC, Shapiro JA, de Moor J, Doria-Rose VP, et al. Cancer screening test receipt — United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl Rep 2021;70:29-35.
  25. Moss JL, Roy S, Shen C, Cooper JD, Lennon RP, Lengerich EJ, et al. Geographic variation in overscreening for colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer among older adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2011645. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11645
  26. Wright JD, Chen L, Tergas AI, Melamed A, St Clair CM, Hou JY, et al. Overuse of cervical cancer screening tests among women with average risk in the United States from 2013 to 2014. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e218373. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8373
  27. Huf SW, Asch DA, Volpp KG, Reitz C, Mehta SJ. Text messaging and opt-out mailed outreach in colorectal cancer screening: a randomized clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 2021;36:1958-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06415-8
  28. Zhu X, Parks PD, Weiser E, Fischer K, Griffin JM, Limburg, et al. National survey of patient factors associated with colorectal cancer screening preferences. Cancer Prev Res 2021;14:603-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0524
  29. Sprague BL, Lowry KP, Miglioretti DL, Alsheik N, Bowles EJA, Tosteson ANA, et al. Changes in mammography utilization by women’s characteristics during the first 5 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Mar 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab045
  30. Miller MJ, Xu L, Qin J, Hahn EE, Ngo-Metzger Q, Mittman B, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cervical cancer screening rates among women aged 21-65 years in a large integrated health care system – Southern California, January 1-September 30, 2019, and January 1-September 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:109-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7004a1
  31. McBain RK, Cantor JH, Jena AB, Pera MF, Bravata DM, Whaley CM. Decline and rebound in routine cancer screening rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Gen Intern Med 2021;36:1829-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06660-5
  32. Preston MA, Ross L, Chukmaitov A, Smith SA, Odlum ML, Dahman B, et al. Health insurance coverage mandates: colorectal cancer screening in the post-ACA era. Cancer Prev Res 2021;14:123-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0028
  33. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research – “blue highways” on the NIH roadmap. J Am Med Assoc 2007;297:403-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.4.403
  34. Li A, Bergan RC. Clinical trial design: past, present, and future in the context of big data and precision medicine. Cancer 2020;126:4838-46. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33205
  35. Van Norman GA. Update to drugs, devices, and the FDA: how recent legislative changes have impacted approval of new therapies. JACC Basic to Transl Sci 2020;5:831-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.06.010
  36. Park JJH, Hsu G, Siden EG, Thorlund K, Mills EJ. An overview of precision oncology basket and umbrella trials for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70:125-37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21600
  37. NIH, National Cancer Institue. NCI-MATCH Precision Medicine Clinical Trial. [updated 2021 May 12; cited 2021 Aug 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match
  38. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Master protocols: efficient clinical trial design strategies to expedite development of oncology drugs and biologics guidance for industry, draft guidance for industry. 2018 Oct. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/120721/download
  39. Ajmera Y, Singhal S, Dwivedi SN, Dey AB. The changing perspective of clinical trial designs. Perspect Clin Res 2021;12:66-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_138_20
  40. Flaherty KT, Doroshow JH, Galbraith S, Ribas A, Kluetz PG, Pazdur R, et al. Rethinking cancer clinical trial conduct induced by COVID-19: an academic center, industry, government, and regulatory agency perspective. Cancer Discov 2021;11:1881-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0850
  41. Katib AA. Research ethics challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic: what should and what should not be done. J Ideas Heal 2020;3(Special 1):185-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.issspecial1.49
  42. Ajewole VB, Akindele O, Abajue U, Ndulue O, Marshall JJ, Mossi YT. Cancer disparities and Black American representation in clinical trials leading to the approval of oral chemotherapy drugs in the United States between 2009 and 2019. JCO Oncol Pract 2021;17:e623-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/op.20.01108
  43. Lythgoe MP, Krell J, Savage P, Prasad V. Race reporting and diversity in US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registration trials for prostate cancer; 2006-2020. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021 Apr 15 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-021-00361-0
  44. Gopishetty S, Kota V, Guddati AK. Age and race distribution in patients in phase III oncology clinical trials. Am J Transl Res 2020;12:5977-83.
  45. Sullenger RD, Deal AM, Grilley Olson JE, Matson M, Swift C, Lux L, et al. Health insurance payer type and ethnicity are associated with cancer clinical trial enrollment among adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2021 May 19 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/jayao.2021.0008
  46. Falzone L, Salomone S, Libra M. Evolution of cancer pharmacological treatments at the turn of the third millennium. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:1300. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01300
  47. Lawrence W. History of surgical oncology. In: Surgery: basic science and clinical evidence: 2nd Edition. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2008. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_90
  48. Gianfaldoni S, Gianfaldoni R, Wollina U, Lotti J, Tchernev G, Lotti T. An overview on radiotherapy: from its history to its current applications in dermatology. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017;5:521-5. Available from: https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/oamjms.2017.122
  49. DeVita VT, Chu E. A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2008;68:8643-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611
  50. Dobashi Y, Goto A, Kimura M, Nakano T. Molecularly targeted therapy: past, present and future. Chemother Open Access 2012;1:1000105 Available from: https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7700.1000105

References 401-450

  1. Zhang Y, Zhang Z. The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17:807-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0488-6
  2. Annesi CA, Poulson M, Mak KS, Tapan U, Dechert TA, Litle VR, et al. The impact of residential racial segregation on non-small cell lung cancer treatment and outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2021 May 22 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.04.096
  3. Goldberg EM, Berger Y, Sood D, Kurnit KC, Kim JS, Lee NK, et al. Differences in sociodemographic disparities between patients undergoing surgery for advanced colorectal or ovarian cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021 May 6 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-10086-y
  4. Bui A, Yang L, Myint A, May FP. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are associated with prolonged time to treatment after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a large population-based study. Gastroenterology 2021;160:1394-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.010
  5. Moyers JT, Patel A, Shih W, Nagaraj G. Association of sociodemographic factors with immunotherapy receipt for metastatic melanoma in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2015656. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15656
  6. Coughlin SS, Chen J, Cortes JE. Health care access and utilization among adult cancer survivors: results from the National Institutes of Health “All of Us” Research Program. Cancer Med 2021;10:3646-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3924
  7. Gajarawala SN, Pelkowski JN. Telehealth benefits and barriers. J Nurse Pract 2021;17:218-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.09.013
  8. Burbury K, Wong ZW, Yip D, Thomas H, Brooks P, Gilham L, et al. Telehealth in cancer care: during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Intern Med J 2021;51:125-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15039
  9. Purdy AC, Smith BR, Hohmann SF, Nguyen NT. The impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on gastrointestinal operative volume in the United States. Surg Endosc 2021 Apr 19 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08477-z
  10. Riera R, Bagattini ÂM, Pacheco RL, Pachito DV, Roitberg F, Ilbawi A. Delays and disruptions in cancer health care due to COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:311-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00639
  11. American Society of Radiation Oncology. COVID-19 & radiation oncology: results of a national physician survey by the American Society for Radiation Oncology ( ASTRO ) 2020. Available from: https://www.astro.org/ASTRO/media/ASTRO/News%20and%20Publications/PDFs/ASTRO_COVID19Survey_2021.pdf
  12. Elkrief A, Kazandjian S, Bouganim N. Changes in lung cancer treatment as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1805-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.4408
  13. Perera SK, Jacob S, Wilson BE, Ferlay J, Bray F, Sullivan R, et al. Global demand for cancer surgery and an estimate of the optimal surgical and anaesthesia workforce between 2018 and 2040: a population-based modelling study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:182-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30675-6
  14. Burotto M, Wilkerson J, Stein WD, Bates SE, Fojo T. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant cancer therapies: a historical review and a rational approach to understand outcomes. Semin Oncol 2019;46:83-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.01.002
  15. Carneiro BC, Da Cruz IAN, Ormond Filho AG, Silv IP, Guimaraes JB, Silva FD, et al. Osteoid osteoma: the great mimicker. Insights Imaging 2021;12:32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-021-00978-8
  16. Sharma KV, Yarmolenko PS, Celik H, Eranki A, Partanen A, Smitthimedhin A, et al. Comparison of noninvasive high-intensity focused ultrasound with radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma. J Pediatr 2017;190:222-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.046
  17. Liang G, Fan W, Luo H, Zhu X. The emerging roles of artificial intelligence in cancer drug development and precision therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;128:110255. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110255
  18. Mole DJ, Fallowfield JA, Sherif AE, Kendall T, Semple S, Kelly M, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging predicts individual future liver performance after liver resection for cancer. PLoS One 2020;15:e0238568. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238568
  19. Jin L, Tang Y, Wu Y, Coole JB, Tan MT, Zhao X, et al. Deep learning extended depth-of-field microscope for fast and slide-free histology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:33051-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2013571117
  20. Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M, Pareja R, Lopez A, Vieira M, Ribeiro R, et al. Minimally invasive versus abdominal radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1895-904. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1806395
  21. Lewicki PJ, Basourakos SP, Qiu Y, Hu JC, Sheyn D, Hijaz A, et al. Effect of a randomized, controlled trial on surgery for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1669-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2035819
  22. Bryant AK, Banegas MP, Martinez ME, Mell LK, Murphy JD. Trends in radiation therapy among cancer survivors in the United States, 2000-2030. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26:963-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-1023
  23. El Naqa I. Prospective clinical deployment of machine learning in radiation oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021 Jul 9 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00541-w
  24. Lawhn-Heath C, Flavell RR, Behr SC, Yohannan T, Greene KL, Feng F, et al. Single-center prospective evaluation of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2019;213:266-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20699
  25. Hope TA, Aggarwal R, Chee B, Tao D, Greene KL, Cooperberg MR, et al. Impact of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET on management in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 2017;58:195-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.192476
  26. Fendler WP, Calais J, Eiber M, Flavell RR, Mishoe A, Feng FY, et al. Assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET accuracy in localizing recurrent prostate cancer: a prospective single-arm clinical trial. JAMA Oncology 2019;5:856-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0096
  27. Calais J, Ceci F, Eiber M, Hope TA, Hofman MS, Rischpler C, et al. 18F-fluciclovine PET-CT and 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy: a prospective, single-centre, single-arm, comparative imaging trial. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:1286-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30415-2
  28. Calais J, Fendler WP, Eiber M, Gartmann J, Chu FI, Nickols NG, et al. Impact of 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT on the management of prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence. J Nucl Med 2018;59:434-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.202945
  29. Oronsky B, Ma PC, Morgensztern D, Carter CA. Nothing but NET: a review of neuroendocrine tumors and carcinomas. Neoplasia 2017;19:991-1002. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neo.2017.09.002
  30. Herrmann K, Schwaiger M, Lewis JS, Solomon SB, McNeil BJ, Baumann M, et al. Radiotheranostics: a roadmap for future development. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:e146-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30821-6
  31. Kantarjian H, Kadia T, DiNardo C, Daver N, Borthakur G, Jabbour E, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia: current progress and future directions. Blood Cancer J 2021;11:41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00425-3
  32. Wei AH, Döhner H, Pocock C, Montesinos P, Afanasyev B, Dombret H, et al. Oral azacitidine maintenance therapy for acute myeloid leukemia in first remission. N Engl J Med 2020;383:2526-37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2004444
  33. Acute Myeloid Leukemia News. FDA approves oral chemotherapy onureg for newly diagnosed AML patients in remission. 2020 Sep 3. Available from: https://acutemyeloidleukemianews.com/2020/09/03/fda-approves-oral-chemotherapy-onureg-for-newly-diagnosed-aml-patients-in-remission/
  34. van de Donk N, Pawlyn C, Yong KL. Multiple myeloma. Lancet 2021;397:410-27. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00135-5
  35. Wickström M, Nygren P, Larsson R, Harmenber J, Lindberg J, Sjoberg P, et al. Melflufen – a peptidase-potentiated alkylating agent in clinical trials. Oncotarget 2017;8:66641-55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18420
  36. Richardson PG, Oriol A, Larocca A, Blade J, Cavo M, Rodriguez-Otero P, et al. Melflufen and dexamethasone in heavily pretreated relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:757-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02259
  37. Uprety D, Adjei AA. KRAS: from undruggable to a druggable cancer target. Cancer Treat Rev 2020;89:102070. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102070
  38. Ghimessy A, Radeczky P, Laszlo V, Hegedus B, Renyi-Vamos F, Fillinger J, et al. Current therapy of KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020;39:1159-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-020-09903-9
  39. Dogan S, Shen R, Ang DC, Johnson ML, D’Angelo SP, Paik PK, et al. Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3,026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:6169-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3265
  40. Skoulidis F, Li BT, Dy GK, Price TJ, Falchook GS, Wolf J, et al. Sotorasib for lung cancers with KRAS p.G12C mutation . N Engl J Med 2021;384:2371-81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2103695
  41. Remon J, Hendriks LEL, Cardona AF, Besse B. EGFR exon 20 insertions in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a new history begins. Cancer Treat Rev 2020;90:102105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102105
  42. Neijssen J, Cardoso RMF, Chevalier KM, Wiegman LM, Valerius T, Anderson GM, et al. Discovery of amivantamab (JNJ-61186372), a bispecific antibody targeting EGFR and MET. J Biol Chem 2021;296:100641. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100641
  43. Socinski MA, Pennell NA, Davies KD. MET Exon 14 skipping mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer: an overview of biology, clinical outcomes, and testing considerations. JCO Precis Oncol 2021;5:PO.20.00516. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/po.20.00516
  44. Comoglio PM, Trusolino L, Boccaccio C. Known and novel roles of the MET oncogene in cancer: a coherent approach to targeted therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2018;18:341-58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0002-y
  45. Paik PK, Felip E, Veillon R, Sakai H, Cortot AB, Garassino MC, et al. Tepotinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with MET Exon 14 skipping mutations. N Engl J Med 2020;383:931-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2004407
  46. Ding SJ, Wang R, Peng SL, Xiaoqing L, Zhong LH, Yang H, et al. Targeted therapies for RET-fusion cancer: dilemmas and breakthrough. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;132:110901. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110901
  47. Gainor JF, Curigliano G, Kim DW, Lee DH, Besse B, Baik CS, et al. Pralsetinib for RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARROW): a multi-cohort, open-label, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:959-69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00247-3
  48. Kitahara CM, Sosa JA. The changing incidence of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12:646-53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.110
  49. Salvatore D, Santoro M, Schlumberger M. The importance of the RET gene in thyroid cancer and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021;17:296-306. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00470-9
  50. Kim J, Bradford D, Larkins E, Pai-Scherf LH, Chatterjee S, Mishra-Kalyani PS, et al. FDA approval summary: pralsetinib for the treatment of lung and thyroid cancers with RET gene mutations or fusions. Clin Cancer Res 2021 May 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0967

References 451-500

  1. Wang J, Xing X, Li Q, Zhang G, Wang T, Pan H, et al. Targeting the FGFR signaling pathway in cholangiocarcinoma: promise or delusion? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020;12:1758835920940948. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920940948
  2. Casadei C, Dizman N, Schepisi G, Cursano MC, Basso U, Santini D, et al. Targeted therapies for advanced bladder cancer: new strategies with FGFR inhibitors. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019;11:1758835919890285. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835919890285
  3. Makawita S, Abou-Alfa GK, Roychowdhury S, Sadeghi S, Borbath I, Goyal L, et al. Infigratinib in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 gene fusions/translocations: the PROOF 301 trial. Futur Oncol 2020;16:2375-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2020-0299
  4. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR cancer progress report 2019: transforming lives through innovative cancer science. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:5431. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2655
  5. Helsten T, Elkin S, Arthur E, Tomson BN, Carter J, Kurzrock R. The FGFR landscape in cancer: analysis of 4,853 tumors by next-generation sequencing. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:259-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3212
  6. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1182-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197111182852108
  7. Lugano R, Ramachandran M, Dimberg A. Tumor angiogenesis: causes, consequences, challenges and opportunities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020;77:1745-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03351-7
  8. Escudier B, Worden F, Kudo M. Sorafenib: key lessons from over 10 years of experience. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019;19:177-89. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2019.1559058
  9. Szarek M, Needle MN, Rini BI, Pal SK, McDermott DF, Atkins MB, et al. Q-TWiST analysis of tivozanib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in the TIVO-3 Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2021 Apr 3 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021.03.018
  10. Khongorzul P, Ling CJ, Khan FU, Ihsan AU, Zhang J. Antibody-drug conjugates: a comprehensive review. Mol Cancer Res 2020;18:3-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-0582
  11. Robak P, Drozdz I, Szemraj J, Robak T. Drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancer Treat Rev 2018;70:199-208. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.001
  12. Yu B, Jiang T, Liu D. BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2020;13:125. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00962-7
  13. Lonial S, Lee HC, Badros A, Trudel S, Nooka AK, Chari A, et al. Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): a two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:207-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30788-0
  14. Wang K, Wei G, Liu D. CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012;1:36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/2162-3619-1-36
  15. Xiros N, Economopoulos T, Valsami S, Rontogianni D, Fountzilas G, Raptis S. Rituximab in combination with vinorelbine/gemcitabine chemotherapy in patients with primary refractory or early relapsed T cell rich B cell lymphoma: a pilot study. Leuk Res 2003;27:1097-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2126(03)00099-7
  16. Hamadani M, Radford J, Carlo-Stella C, Caimi PF, Reid E, O’Connor OA, et al. Final results of a phase 1 study of loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2021;137:2634-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007512
  17. Sengupta R, Honey K. AACR cancer progress report 2020: turning science into lifesaving care. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:5055. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3187
  18. Yan M, Schwaederle M, Arguello D, Millis SZ, Gatalica Z, Kurzrock R. HER2 expression status in diverse cancers: review of results from 37,992 patients. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015;34:157-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9552-6
  19. Zhao D, Klempner SJ, Chao J. Progress and challenges in HER2-positive gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2019;12:50. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-019-0737-2
  20. Shitara K, Bang YJ, Iwasa S, Sugimoto N, Ryu MH, Sakai D, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-positive gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2419-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2004413
  21. FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group. BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) resource. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US); Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2016.
  22. Tagawa ST, Balar AV., Petrylak DP, Kalebsty AR, Loriot Y, Flechon A, et al. TROPHY-U-01: a phase II open-label study of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:2474-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.20.03489
  23. Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 2017;390:298-310. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2
  24. Bojarczuk K, Wienand K, Chapuy B. Molecular classification of large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer J 2020;26:357-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000464
  25. Nguyen PH, Niesen E, Hallek M. New roles for B cell receptor associated kinases: when the B cell is not the target. Leukemia 2019;33:576-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0366-8
  26. Fowler NH, Samaniego F, Jurczak W, Ghosh N, Derenzini E, Reeves JA, et al. Umbralisib, a dual PI3Kδ/CK1ε inhibitor in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1609-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.03433
  27. Mato AR, Ghosh N, Schuster SJ, Lamanna N, Pagel JM, Flinn IW, et al. Phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of umbralisib in patients with CLL who are intolerant to BTK or PI3Kδ inhibitor therapy. Blood 2021;137:2817-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007376
  28. Balis FM, Thompson PA, Mosse YP, Blaney SM, Minard CG, Weigel BJ, et al. First-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of orally administered crizotinib in children with solid tumors: a report on ADVL0912 from the Children’s Oncology Group Phase 1/Pilot Consortium. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017;79:181-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-016-3220-6
  29. Crawford ED, Heidenreich A, Lawrentschuk N, Tombal B, Pompeo ACL, Mendoza-Valdes A, et al. Androgen-targeted therapy in men with prostate cancer: evolving practice and future considerations. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019;22:24-38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-018-0079-0
  30. Nakata D, Masaki T, Tanaka A, Yoshimatsu M, Akinaga Y, Asada M, et al. Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by TAK-385 (relugolix), a novel, investigational, orally active, small molecule gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist: studies in human GnRH receptor knock-in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;723:167-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.001
  31. Shore ND, Saad F, Cookson MS, George DJ, Saltzstein DR, Tutrone R, et al. Oral relugolix for androgen-deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2187-96. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2004325
  32. Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:651-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0306-5
  33. Dobosz P, Dzieciątkowski T. The intriguing history of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019;10:2965. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02965
  34. Galluzzi L, Chan TA, Kroemer G, Wolchok JD, López-Soto A. The hallmarks of successful anticancer immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2018;10:eaat7807. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7807
  35. Kubli SP, Berger T, Araujo D V., Siu LL, Mak TW. Beyond immune checkpoint blockade: emerging immunological strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021 Mar 8 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00155-y
  36. Keilson JM, Knochelmann HM, Paulos CM, Kudchadkar RR, Lowe MC. The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in solid tumors. J Surg Oncol 2021;123:798-806. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.26416
  37. Liu S, Galat V, Galat Y, Lee YKA, Wainwright D, Wu J. NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basic biology to clinical development. J Hematol Oncol 2021;14:7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-01014-w
  38. Miller JS, Lanier LL. Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Annu Rev Cancer Biol 2019;3:77-103. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055653
  39. Mujal AM, Delconte RB, Sun JC. Natural killer cells: from innate to adaptive features. Annu Rev Immunol 2021;39:417-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101819-074948
  40. Tonn T, Schwabe D, Klingemann HG, Becker S, Esser R, Koehl U, et al. Treatment of patients with advanced cancer with the natural killer cell line NK-92. Cytotherapy 2013;15:1563-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.06.017
  41. Dolstra H, Roeven MWH, Spanholtz J, Hangalapura BN, Tordoir M, Maas F, et al. Successful transfer of umbilical cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor-derived NK cells in older acute myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23:4107-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2981
  42. Arai S, Meagher R, Swearingen M, Myint H, Rich E, Martinson J, et al. Infusion of the allogeneic cell line NK-92 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer or melanoma: a phase I trial. Cytotherapy 2008;10:625-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240802301872
  43. Wu SY, Fu T, Jiang YZ, Shao ZM. Natural killer cells in cancer biology and therapy. Mol Cancer 2020;19:120. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01238-x
  44. Ljunggren HG, Kärre K. In search of the “missing self”: MHC molecules and NK cell recognition. Immunol Today 1990;11:237-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(90)90097-S
  45. Suck G, Odendahl M, Nowakowska P, Seidl C, Wels WS, Klingemann HG, et al. NK-92: an ‘off-the-shelf therapeutic’ for adoptive natural killer cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016;65:485-92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-015-1761-x
  46. Veluchamy JP, Kok N, van der Vliet HJ, Verheul HMW, de Gruijl TD, Spanholtz J. The rise of allogeneic natural killer cells as a platform for cancer immunotherapy: recent innovations and future developments. Front Immunol 2017;8:631. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00631
  47. Lupo KB, Matosevic S. Natural killer cells as allogeneic effectors in adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Cancers 2019;11:769. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060769
  48. Nham T, Poznanski SM, Fan IY, Vahedi F, Shenouda MM, Lee AJ, et al. Ex vivo-expanded natural killer cells derived from long-term cryopreserved cord blood are cytotoxic against primary breast cancer cells. J Immunother 2018;41:64-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0000000000000192
  49. Freund-Brown J, Chirino L, Kambayashi T. Strategies to enhance NK cell function for the treatment of tumors and infections. Crit Rev Immunol 2018;38:105-31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2018025248
  50. Mantesso S, Geerts D, Spanholtz J, Kučerová L. Genetic engineering of natural killer cells for enhanced antitumor function. Front Immunol 2020;11:607131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.607131

References 501-550

  1. Sharma P, Siddiqui BA, Anandhan S, Yadav SS, Subudhi SK, Gao J, et al. The next decade of immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Discov 2021;11:838-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-1680
  2. Makker V, Green AK, Wenham RM, Mutch D, Davidson B, Miller DS. New therapies for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic endometrial cancers. Gynecol Oncol Res Pract 2017;4:19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40661-017-0056-7
  3. Bonneville R, Krook MA, Kautto EA, Miya J, Wing MR, Chen HZ, et al. Landscape of microsatellite instability across 39 cancer types. JCO Precis Oncol 2017;;2017:PO.17.00073. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/po.17.00073
  4. Oaknin A, Tinker A V., Gilbert L, Samouelian V, Mathews C, Brown J, et al. Clinical activity and safety of the anti-programmed death 1 monoclonal antibody dostarlimab for patients with recurrent or advanced mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer: a nonrandomized phase 1 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1766-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.4515
  5. Porpodis K, Zarogoulidis P, Boutsikou E, Papaioannou A, Machairiotis N, Tsakiridis K, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: current and future perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2013;5(Suppl 4):S397-406. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.08
  6. Baas P, Scherpereel A, Nowak AK, Fujimoto N, Peters S, Tsao AS, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (CheckMate 743): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;397:375-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32714-8
  7. Stratigos AJ, Sekulic A, Peris K, Bechter O, Prey S, Kaatz M, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy: an open-label, multi-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:848-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00126-1
  8. Sezer A, Kilickap S, Gümüş M, Bondarenko I, Ozguroglu M, Gogishvili M, et al. Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2021;397:592-604. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00228-2
  9. Kelly RJ, Ajani JA, Kuzdzal J, Zander T, Van Cutsem E, Piessen G, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab in resected esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1191-203. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032125
  10. Cortes J, Cescon DW, Rugo HS, Nowecki Z, Im SA, Yusof MM, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet 2020;396:1817-28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32531-9
  11. Patrinely JR, Johnson R, Lawless AR, Bhave P, Sawyers A, Dimitrova M, et al. Chronic immune-related adverse events following adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy for high-risk resected melanoma. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:744-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.0051
  12. Rohaan MW, Wilgenhof S, Haanen JBAG. Adoptive cellular therapies: the current landscape. Virchows Arch 2019;474:449-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-018-2484-0
  13. Depil S, Duchateau P, Grupp SA, Mufti G, Poirot L. ‘Off-the-shelf’ allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:185-99. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-019-0051-2
  14. Perez C, Gruber I, Arber C. Off-the-shelf allogeneic T cell therapies for cancer: opportunities and challenges using naturally occurring “universal” donor T cells. Front Immunol 2020;11:583716. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.583716
  15. Munshi NC, Anderson LD, Shah N, Madduri D, Berdeja J, Lonial S, et al. Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2021;384:705-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2024850
  16. Abramson JS, Palomba ML, Gordon LI, Lunning MA, Wang M, Arnason J, et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study. Lancet 2020;396:839-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31366-0
  17. Qin H, Ramakrishna S, Nguyen S, Fountaine TJ, Ponduri A, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Preclinical development of bivalent chimeric antigen receptors targeting both CD19 and CD22. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2018;11:127-37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2018.10.006
  18. Nordstrom JL, Gorlatov S, Zhang W, Yang Y, Huang L, Burke S, et al. Anti-tumor activity and toxicokinetics analysis of MGAH22, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody with enhanced Fcγ receptor binding properties. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13:R123. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3069
  19. Rugo HS, Im SA, Cardoso F, Cortes J, Curigliano G, Musolino A, et al. Efficacy of margetuximab vs trastuzumab in patients with pretreated ERBB2-positive advanced breast cancer: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:573-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.7932
  20. Mitsogianni M, Trontzas IP, Gomatou G, Ioannou S, Syrigos NK, Kotteas EA. The changing treatment of metastatic her2-positive breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021;21:287. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12548
  21. Van Arendonk K, Chung D. Neuroblastoma: tumor biology and its implications for staging and treatment. Children 2019;6:12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/children6010012
  22. Terzic T, Cordeau M, Herblot S, Teira P, Cournoyer S, Beaunoyer M, et al. Expression of disialoganglioside (GD2) in neuroblastic tumors: a prognostic value for patients treated with anti-GD2 immunotherapy. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018;21:355-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1093526617723972
  23. National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship. Defining cancer survivorship. 2014 Jul 24. Available from: https://canceradvocacy.org/defining-cancer-survivorship/
  24. Shin J, Shin DW, Lee J, Hwang JH, Lee JE, Cho B, et al. Fear of cancer recurrence in stomach cancer survivors: exploring socio-demographic, physical, psychological and quality of life-related factors. Research Square. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-378423/v1
  25. Biddle S. The psychological impact of active surveillance in men with prostate cancer: Implications for nursing care. Br J Nurs 2021;30:S30-S37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.10.s30
  26. Hutterer M, Oberndorfer S. Cognitive impairment in cancer patients and survivors—clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Mag Eur Med Oncol 2021;14:10.1007. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12254-021-00690-9
  27. Mazariego CG, Laidsaar-Powell R, Smith DP, Juraskova I. Avoiding the ‘survivorship abyss’: qualitative insights from 15-year prostate cancer survivors. Psychooncology 2021 May 26 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5738
  28. Esselen KMK, Gompers A, Hacker MR, Bouberhan S, Shea M, Summerlin SS, et al. Evaluating meaningful levels of financial toxicity in gynecologic cancers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021;31:801-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2021-002475
  29. Arastu A, Patel A, Mohile SG, Ciminelli J, Kaushik, R, Wells M, et al. Assessment of financial toxicity among older adults with advanced cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2025810. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25810
  30. Meernik C, Sandler DP, Peipins LA, Hodgson ME, Blinder VS, Wheeler SB, et al. Breast cancer-related employment disruption and financial hardship in the Sister Study. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021;5:pkab024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkab024
  31. Gogate A, Wheeler SB, Reeder-Hayes KE, Ekwueme DU, Fairley TL, Drier S, et al. Projecting the prevalence and costs of metastatic breast cancer from 2015 through 2030. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021;5:pkab063. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkab063
  32. Erdmann F, Frederiksen LE, Bonaventure A, Mader L, Hasle H, Robison LL, et al. Childhood cancer: survival, treatment modalities, late effects and improvements over time. Cancer Epidemiol 2021;71(Pt B):101733. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101733
  33. Ghazal LV, Merriman J, Santacroce SJ, Dickson VV. Survivors’ dilemma: young adult cancer survivors’ perspectives of work-related goals. Workplace Health Saf 2021 May 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799211012675
  34. Chao C, Bhatia S, Xu L, Cannavale KL, Wong FL, Huang PYS, et al. Chronic comorbidities among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3161-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00722
  35. Meernik C, Kirchhoff AC, Anderson C, Edwards TP, Deal AM, Baggett CD, et al. Material and psychological financial hardship related to employment disruption among female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Cancer 2020;127:137-48. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33190
  36. Children’s Oncology Group. Long-term follow-up guidelines for survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. Version 5.0 – October 2018. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org
  37. Advani P, Advani S, Nayak P, VonVille HM, Diamond P, Burnett J, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in use of surveillance mammogram among breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. J Cancer Surviv 2021 May 13 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-021-01046-2
  38. Berger MH, Lin HW, Bhattacharyya N. A national evaluation of food insecurity in a head and neck cancer population. Laryngoscope 2021;131:E1539-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.29188
  39. Scott LC, Yang Q, Dowling NF, Richardson LC. Predicted heart age among cancer survivors-United States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1-6.
  40. Cuglievan B, Berkman A, Dibaj S, Wang J, Anderson CR, Livingston JA, et al. Impact of lagtime, health insurance type, and income status at diagnosis on the long-term survival of adolescent and young adult cancer patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2021;10:164-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/jayao.2020.0041
  41. Doherty M, Gardner D, Finik J. The financial coping strategies of US cancer patients and survivors. Support Care Cancer 2021 Mar 18 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06113-z
  42. Leach CR, Kirkland EG, Masters M, Sloan K, Rees-Punia E, Patel AV, et al. Cancer survivor worries about treatment disruption and detrimental health outcomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021;39:347-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2021.1888184
  43. Wimberly CE, Towry L, Caudill C, Johnston EE, Walsh KM. Impacts of COVID-19 on caregivers of childhood cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68:e28943. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28943
  44. Davis C, Cadet T, Rune K, Wilson P, Banks J. Exploring the challenges in accessing care and support for cancer survivors in Australia during COVID-19. J Psychosoc Oncol 2021;39:479-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2021.1904086
  45. Brown M, O’Connor D, Murphy C, McClean M, McMeekin A, Prue G. Impact of COVID-19 on an established physical activity and behaviour change support programme for cancer survivors: an exploratory survey of the Macmillan Move More service for Northern Ireland. Support Care Cancer 2021 Apr 3 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06165-1
  46. Kato S, Kim KH, Lim HJ, Boichard A, Nikanjam N, Weihe E, et al. Real-world data from a molecular tumor board demonstrates improved outcomes with a precision N-of-One strategy. Nat Commun 2020;11:4965. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18613-3
  47. Tsimberidou AM, Hong DS, Wheler JJ, Falchook GS, Janku F, Naing A, et al. Long-term overall survival and prognostic score predicting survival: the IMPACT study in precision medicine. J Hematol Oncol 2019;12:145. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-019-0835-1
  48. Zhang Q, Fu Q, Bai X, Liang T. Molecular profiling-based precision medicine in cancer: a review of current evidence and challenges. Front Oncol 2020;10:532403. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.532403
  49. Morice PM, Leary A, Dolladille C, Chretien B, Poulain L, Gonzalez-Martin A, et al. Myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukaemia in patients treated with PARP inhibitors: a safety meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and a retrospective study of the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8:e122-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30360-4
  50. Hirschey R, Nyrop KA, Mayer DK. Healthy behaviors: prevalence of uptake among cancer survivors. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2020;24:19-29. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1188/20.CJON.S2.19-29

References 551-600

  1. Jassem J. Tobacco smoking after diagnosis of cancer: Clinical aspects. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019;8(Suppl 1):S50-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.04.01
  2. Sheikh M, Mukeriya A, Shangina O, Brennan P, Zaridze D. Postdiagnosis smoking cessation and reduced risk for lung cancer progression and mortality. Ann Intern Med 2021 Jul 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7326/m21-0252
  3. Talluri R, Fokom Domgue J, Gritz ER, Shete S. Assessment of trends in cigarette smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis among US adults, 2000 to 2017. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2012164. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12164
  4. Bassett JC, Matulewicz RS, Kwan L, McCarthy WJ, Gore JL, Saigal CS. Prevalence and correlates of successful smoking cessation in bladder cancer survivors. Urology 2021;153:236-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.12.033
  5. Vinci C. Cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based interventions for smoking cessation: a review of the recent literature. Curr Oncol Rep 2020;22:58. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-020-00915-w
  6. Asfar T, Koru-Sengul T, Annane D, McClure LA, Perez A, Antoni MA, et al. Reach versus effectiveness: the design and protocol of randomized clinical trial testing a smartphone application versus in-person mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention among young cancer survivors. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021;22:100784. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100784
  7. Mardani A, Pedram Razi S, Mazaheri R, Haghani S, Vaismoradi M. Effect of the exercise program on the quality of life of prostate cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Pract 2021;27:e12883. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12883
  8. Cannioto RA, Hutson A, Dighe S, McCann W, McCann SE, Zirpoli GR, et al. Physical activity before, during, and after chemotherapy for high-risk breast cancer: relationships with survival. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:54-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djaa046
  9. Li Q, Lesseur C, Santella RM, Parada H, Teitelbaum S, Chen J. The associations of healthy lifestyle index with breast cancer incidence and mortality in a population-based study. Preprint from Research Square 2021 Jun 18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-592730/V1
  10. Kwan ML, Lo JC, Laurent CA, Roh MJ, Tang L, Ambrosone CB, et al. A prospective study of lifestyle factors and bone health in breast cancer patients who received aromatase inhibitors in an integrated healthcare setting. J Cancer Surviv 2021 Feb 9 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-021-00993-0
  11. Kim KH, Choi S, Kim K, Chang J, Kim SM, Kim SR, et al. Association between physical activity and subsequent cardiovascular disease among 5-year breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021;188:203-14. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06140-8
  12. Miller JM, Sadak KT, Shahriar AA, Wilson NJ, Hampton M, Bhattacharya M, et al. Cancer survivors exercise at higher intensity in outdoor settings: the GECCOS trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68:e28850. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28850
  13. Blount DS, McDonough DJ, Gao Z. Effect of wearable technology-based physical activity interventions on breast cancer survivors’ physiological, cognitive, and emotional outcomes: a systematic review. J Clin Med 2021;10:2015. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092015
  14. Yurkiewicz IR, Simon P, Liedtke M, Dahl G, Dunn T. Effect of Fitbit and iPad wearable technology in health-related quality of life in adolescent and young adult cancer patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2018;7:579-83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/jayao.2018.0022
  15. Phillips S, Solk P, Welch W, Auster-Gussman L, Lu M, Cullather E, et al. A technology-based physical activity intervention for patients with metastatic breast cancer (Fit2ThriveMB): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021;10:e24254. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2196/24254
  16. Wang F, Cai H, Gu K, Shi L, Yu D, Zhang M, et al. Adherence to dietary recommendations among long-term breast cancer survivors and cancer outcome associations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29:386-95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0872
  17. Entwistle MR, Schweizer D, Cisneros R. Dietary patterns related to toal mortality and cancer mortality in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2021 Aug 11 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01579-x
  18. Krok-Schoen JL, Pisegna J, Arthur E, Ridgway E, Stephens C, Rosko AE. Prevalence of lifestyle behaviors and associations with health-related quality of life among older female cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2021;29:3049-59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05812-3
  19. Teckie S, Wotman M, Marziliano A, Orner D, Yi J, Mulvany C, et al. Patterns of alcohol use among early head and neck cancer survivors: a cross-sectional survey study using the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Oral Oncol 2021;119:105328. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105328
  20. Johnston EA, van der Pols JC, Ekberg S. Needs, preferences, and experiences of adult cancer survivors in accessing dietary information post-treatment: a scoping review. Eur J Cancer Care 2021;30:e13381. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13381
  21. Allicock M, Kendzor D, Sedory A, Gabriel KP, Swartz MD, Thomas P, et al. A pilot and feasibility mobile health intervention to support healthy behaviors in African American breast cancer survivors. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities 2021;8:157-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00767-x
  22. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Cancer.Net; healthy living. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/survivorship/healthy-living
  23. Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Meyerhardt J, Courneya KS, Schwartz AL, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:242-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21142
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer survivors: guides to healthy living. [updated 2020 Dec 10; cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/survivors/healthy-living-guides/index.htm
  25. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines for patients: survivorship care for healthy living, 2020. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/patients/guidelines/content/PDF/survivorship-hl-patient.pdf
  26. Rocque GB, Cleary JF. Palliative care reduces morbidity and mortality in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013;10:80-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.211
  27. Howie L, Peppercorn J. Early palliative care in cancer treatment: rationale, evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2013;5:318-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1758834013500375
  28. Hausner D, Tricou C, Mathews J, Wadhwa D, Pope A, Swami N, et al. Timing of palliative care referral before and after evidence from trials supporting early palliative care. Oncologist 2021;26:332-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13625
  29. Ferrell BR, Chung V, Koczywas M, Smith TJ. Dissemination and implementation of palliative care in oncology. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:995-1001. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.18.01766
  30. Mao JJ, Liou KT, Baser RE, Bao T, Panageas KS, Romero SAD, et al. Effectiveness of electroacupuncture or auricular acupuncture vs usual care for chronic musculoskeletal pain among cancer survivors the PEACE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:720-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.0310
  31. Sahgal A, Myrehaug SD, Siva S, Masucci L, Foote MC, Brundage M, et al. CCTG SC.24/TROG 17.06: a randomized phase II/III study comparing 24Gy in 2 stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) fractions versus 20Gy in 5 conventional palliative radiotherapy (CRT) fractions for patients with painful spinal metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020;108:1397-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.09.019
  32. Hui D, De La Rosa A, Chen J, Dibaj S, Guay MD, Heung Y, et al. State of palliative care services at US cancer centers: an updated national survey. Cancer 2020;126:2013-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32738
  33. Hui D, De La Rosa A, Chen J, Guay MD, Heung Y, Dibaj S, et al. Palliative care education and research at US cancer centers: a national survey. Cancer 2021;127:2139-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33474
  34. Mathews J, Zimmermann C. Palliative care services at cancer centers – room for improvement. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020;17:339-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-020-0374-2
  35. Stal J, Nelson MB, Mobley EM, Ochoa CY, Milam JE, Freyer DR, et al. Palliative care among adult cancer survivors: knowledge, attitudes, and correlates. Palliat Support Care 2021 Jun 22 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951521000961
  36. Perry LM, Sartor O, Malhotra S, Alonzi S, Kim S, Voss HM, et al. Increasing readiness for early integrated palliative cncology care: development and initial evaluation of the EMPOWER 2 intervention. J Pain Symptom Manage 2021 Apr 20 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.03.027
  37. Lang-Rollin I, Berberich G. Psycho-oncology. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018;20:13-22.
  38. Kingston T, Collie S, Hevey D, McCormick MM, Besani C, Cooney J, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for psycho-oncology patients: an exploratory study. Ir J Psychol Med 2015;32:265-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.81
  39. Shaw JM, Sekelja N, Frasca D, Dhillon HM, Price MA. Being mindful of mindfulness interventions in cancer: a systematic review of intervention reporting and study methodology. Psychooncology 2018;27:1162-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4651
  40. Dos Santos M, Hardy-Léger I, Rigal O, Licaj I, Dauchy S, Levy C, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation program to improve cognition of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: a 3-arm randomized trial. Cancer 2020;126:5328-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33186
  41. Lleras de Frutos M, Medina JC, Vives J, Casellas-Grau A, Marzo JL, Borras JM, et al. Video conference vs face-to-face group psychotherapy for distressed cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Psychooncology 2020;29:1995-2003. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5457
  42. Oberoi S, Yang J, Woodgate RL, Niraula S, Banerji S, Israels SJ, et al. Association of mindfulness-based interventions with anxiety severity in adults with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2012598. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12598
  43. Weaver SJ, Jacobsen PB. Cancer care coordination: opportunities for healthcare delivery research. Transl Behav Med 2018;8:503-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibx079
  44. Gallicchio L, Tonorezos E, de Moor JS, Elena J, Farrell M, Green P, et al. Evidence gaps in cancer survivorship care: a report from the 2019 National Cancer Institute Cancer Survivorship Workshop. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Mar 23 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab049
  45. Larson JL, Rosen AB, Wilson FA. The effect of telehealth interventions on quality of life of cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Informatics J 2020;26:1060-78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458219863604
  46. Kenney LB, Vrooman LM, Lind ED, Brace-O’Neill J, Mulder JE, Nekhlyudov L, et al. Virtual visits as long-term follow-up care for childhood cancer survivors: patient and provider satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68:e28927. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28927
  47. Salmi L, Dong ZJ, Yuh B, Walker J, DesRoches CM. Open notes in oncology: patient versus oncology clinician views. Cancer Cell 2020;38:767-8.. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.016
  48. Junkins CC, Kent E, Litzelman K, Bevans M, Cannady RS, Rosenberg AR. Cancer across the ages: a narrative review of caregiver burden for patients of all ages. J Psychosoc Oncol 2020;38:782-98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2020.1796887
  49. Borsky AE, Zuvekas SH, Kent EE, de Moor JS, Ngo-Metzger Q, Soni A. Understanding the characteristics of US cancer survivors with informal caregivers. Cancer 2021;127:2752-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33535
  50. Given BA, Given CW, Sherwood PR. Family and caregiver needs over the course of the cancer trajectory. J Support Oncol 2012;10:57-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suponc.2011.10.003

References 601-650

  1. Harrison R, Raman M, Walpola RL, Chauhan A, Sansom-Daly UM. Preparing for partnerships in cancer care: an explorative analysis of the role of family-based caregivers. BMC Heal Serv Res 2021;21:620. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/S12913-021-06611-0
  2. Fisher AP, Patronick J, Gerhardt CA, Radonovich K, Salloum R, Wade SL. Impact of COVID-19 on adolescent and emerging adult brain tumor survivors and their parents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021;68:e29116. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29116
  3. Renna ME, Quintero JM, Fresco DM, Mennin DS. Emotion regulation therapy: a mechanism-targeted treatment for disorders of distress. Front Psychol 2017;8:98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098
  4. O’Toole MS, Mennin DS, Applebaum A, Weber B, Rose H, Fresco DM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of emotion regulation therapy for psychologically distressed caregivers of cancer patients. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2020;4:pkz074. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz074
  5. Rodriguez H, Zenklusen JC, Staudt LM, Doroshow JH, Lowy DR. The next horizon in precision oncology: proteogenomics to inform cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cell 2021;184:1661-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.055
  6. Chen YJ, Roumeliotis TI, Chang YH, Chen CT, Han CL, Lin MH, et al. Proteogenomics of non-smoking lung cancer in East Asia delineates molecular signatures of pathogenesis and progression. Cell 2020;182:226-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.012
  7. Krug K, Jaehnig EJ, Satpathy S, Blumenberg L, Karpova A, Anurag M, et al. Proteogenomic landscape of breast cancer tumorigenesis and targeted therapy. Cell 2020;183:1436-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.036
  8. Petralia F, Tignor N, Reva B, Koptyra M, Chowdhury S, Rykunov D, et al. Integrated proteogenomic characterization across major histological types of pediatric brain cancer. Cell 2020;183:1962-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.044
  9. Huang C, Chen L, Savage SR, Eguez RV, Dou Y, Li Y, et al. Proteogenomic insights into the biology and treatment of HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2021;39:361-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.007
  10. Satpathy S, Krug K, Beltran PMJ, Savage SR, Petralia F, Kumar-Sinha C, et al. A proteogenomic portrait of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Cell 2021;184:4348-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2021.07.016
  11. Satpathy S, Jaehnig EJ, Krug K, Kim BJ, Saltzman AB, Chan DW, et al. Microscaled proteogenomic methods for precision oncology. 2020;11:532. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14381-2
  12. Yoo S, Shi Z, Wen B, Kho S, Pan R, Feng H, et al. A community effort to identify and correct mislabeled samples in proteogenomic studies. Patterns 2021;2:100245.
  13. Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med 2019;25:44-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7
  14. Ho D. Artificial intelligence in cancer therapy. Science 2020;367:982-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz3023
  15. Sahoo D, Swanson L, Sayed IM, Katkar GD, Ibeawuchi SR, Mittal Y, et al. Artificial intelligence guided discovery of a barrier-protective therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Commun 2021;12:4246. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24470-5
  16. Savage N. Tapping into the drug discovery potential of AI. Biopharma Dealmakers 2021 May 27. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d43747-021-00045-7
  17. Vamathevan J, Clark D, Czodrowski P, Dunham I, Ferran E, Lee G, et al. Applications of machine learning in drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019;18:463-77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/S41573-019-0024-5
  18. Senior AW, Evans R, Jumper J, Kirkpatrick J, Sifre L, Green T, et al. Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature 2020;577:706-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1923-7
  19. Service RF. ‘The game has changed.’ AI triumphs at solving protein structures. Science 2020;370:1144-5.
  20. Tunyasuvunakool K, Adler J, Wu Z, Green T, Zielinski M, Zidek A, et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome. Nature 2021 Jul 22 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03828-1
  21. Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A, Green T, Figurnov M, Ronneberger O, et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature 2021 Jul 15 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2
  22. Exscientia announces first AI-designed immuno-oncology drug to enter clinical trials. [cited 2021 Jul 10]. Available from: https://www.exscientia.ai/news-insights/exscientia-first-ai-designed-immuno-oncology-drug-trial
  23. Payne A, Fons P, Alt I, Van Ham J, Taubert C, Bell A, et al. 1731 – EXS21546, a non-CNS penetrant A 2A R-selective antagonist for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Session PO.IM02.07, Immunomodulatory Agents and Interventions. 2021 April 10. AACR Annual Meeting 2021. Available from: https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/9325/presentation/2832
  24. NIH, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Clinical Trials.gov. 3-part study to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of EXS21546. [updated 2021 Jan 29; cited 2021 July 10]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04727138
  25. Liu R, Rizzo S, Whipple S, Pal N, Pineda AL, Lu M, et al. Evaluating eligibility criteria of oncology trials using real-world data and AI. 2021;592:629-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03430-5
  26. Manz CR, Chen J, Liu M, Chivers C, Regli SH, Braun J, et al. Validation of a machine learning algorithm to predict 180-day mortality for outpatients with cancer. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:1723-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.4331
  27. Song J, Wang L, Ng NN, Zhao M, Shi J, Wu N, et al. Development and validation of a machine learning model to explore tyrosine kinase inhibitor response in patients with stage IV EGFR variant-positive non-small cell lung cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2030442. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30442
  28. Ioannou GN, Tang W, Beste LA, Tincopa MA, Su GL, Van T, et al. Assessment of a deep learning model to predict hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2015626.
  29. Tseng YJ, Wang HY, Lin TW, Lu JJ, Hsieh CH, Liao CT. Development of a machine learning model for survival risk stratification of patients with advanced oral cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e2011768. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11768
  30. Adamson AS, Smith A. Machine learning and health care disparities in dermatology. JAMA Dermatol 2018;154:1247-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2348
  31. Gao Y, Cui Y. Deep transfer learning for reducing health care disparities arising from biomedical data inequality. Nat Commun 2020;11:5131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18918-3
  32. Zou J, Schiebinger L. Ensuring that biomedical AI benefits diverse populations. EBioMedicine 2021;67:103358. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103358
  33. Hsiue EHC, Wright KM, Douglass J, Hwang MS, Mog BJ, Pearlman AH, et al. Targeting a neoantigen derived from a common TP53 mutation. Science 2021;371:eabc8697. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc8697
  34. Douglass J, Hsiue EHC, Mog BJ, Hwang MS, DiNapoli SR, Pearlman AH, et al. Bispecific antibodies targeting mutant RAS neoantigens. Sci Immunol 2021;6:eabd5515. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIIMMUNOL.ABD5515
  35. Samarasinghe KTG, Crews CM. Targeted protein degradation: a promise for undruggable proteins. Cell Chem Biol 2021;28:934-51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.011
  36. Dang CV, Reddy EP, Shokat KM, Soucek L. Drugging the “undruggable” cancer targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2017;17:502-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2017.36
  37. Coleman N, Rodon J. Taking aim at the undruggable. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021;41:1-8.
  38. Mullard A. Targeted protein degraders crowd into the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20:247-50.
  39. Bery N, Miller A, Rabbitts T. A potent KRAS macromolecule degrader specifically targeting tumours with mutant KRAS. Nat Commun 2020;11:3233. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17022-w
  40. Wang C, Zhang J, Yin J, Gan Y, Xu S, Gu Y, et al. Alternative approaches to target Myc for cancer treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021;6:117. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00500-y
  41. Hines J, Lartigue S, Dong H, Qian Y, Crews CM. MDM2-recruiting PROTAC offers superior, synergistic antiproliferative activity via simultaneous degradation of BRD4 and stabilization of p53. Cancer Res 2019;79:251-62. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2918
  42. Roberts MC, Kennedy AE, Chambers DA, Khoury MJ. The current state of implementation science in genomic medicine: opportunities for improvement. Genet Med 2017;19:858-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2016.210
  43. Oh A, Vinson CA, Chambers DA. Future directions for implementation science at the National Cancer Institute: Implementation Science Centers in Cancer Control. Transl Behav Med 2021;11:669-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa018
  44. Neta G, Clyne M, Chambers DA. Dissemination and implementation research at the national cancer institute: a review of funded studies (2006-2019) and opportunities to advance the field. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:260-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0795
  45. NIH, National Cancer Institute. Implementation science – opportunities in cancer research. [cited 2021 Aug 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/areas/treatment/implementation-science
  46. Mitchell SA, Chambers DA. Leveraging implementation science to improve cancer care delivery and patient outcomes. J Oncol Pract 2017;13:523-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.2017.024729
  47. Natinal Institutes of Health. The NIH mission – it’s about life. [updated 2021 Apr 16; cited 2021 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/videos/nih-mission-its-about-life
  48. Carlisle BG. Clinical trials stopped by COVID-19. [updated 2021 Jan 29; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://covid19.bgcarlisle.com/
  49. Upadhaya S, Yu JX, Hodge J, Campbell J. COVID-19 impact on oncology clinical trials: a 1-year analysis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20:415. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/D41573-021-00086-8
  50. Bauman J. Pandemic cost NIH $16 billion in delayed, lost medical research. Bloomberg Law 2021 Mar 19. Available from: https://news.bloomberglaw.com/pharma-and-life-sciences/pandemic-cost-nih-16-billion-in-delayed-lost-medical-research

References 651-700

  1. Garrido P, Adjei AA, Bajpai J, Banerjee S, Brghoff AS, Choo SP, et al. Has COVID-19 had a greater impact on female than male oncologists? Results of the ESMO Women for Oncology (W4O) Survey. ESMO Open 2021;6:100131. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100131
  2. Langin K. Pandemic hits scientist parents hard. Science2020;369:609-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6504.609
  3. Gewin V. The career cost of COVID-19 to female researchers, and how science should respond. Nature 2020;583:867-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02183-x
  4. NIH, National Cancer Institute. NCI director’s message: fiscal year 2022 annual plan & budget proposal. 2020 Aug 31. [cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/research/annual-plan/directors-message
  5. NIH, RePORT. Success rates. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://report.nih.gov/funding/nih-budget-and-spending-data-past-fiscal-years/success-rates
  6. Stevens KR, Masters KS, Imoukhuede PI, Haynes KA, Setton LA, Cosgriff-Hernandez E, et al. Fund Black scientists. Cell 2021;184:56-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.011
  7. Taffe MA, Gilpin NW. Equity, diversity and inclusion racial inequity in grant funding from the us national institutes of health. Elife 2021;10:e65697. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65697
  8. Single digits: Black, Hispanic scientists strikingly underrepresented at NCI among senior workforce and grantees. Cancer Letter 2021;47. [cited 2021 Aug 15]. Available from: https://cancerletter.com/health-equity/20210702_1/
  9. Oliveira DFM, Ma Y, Woodruff TK, Uzzi B. Comparison of National Institutes of Health Grant Amounts to First-Time Male and Female Principal Investigators. JAMA 2019;321:898-900. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21944
  10. Carr PL, Raj A, Kaplan SE, Terrin N, Breeze JL, Freund KM. Gender differences in academic medicine: Retention, rank, and leadership comparisons from the national faculty survey. Acad Med. 2018;93:1694-1699. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002146
  11. Wadman M. NIH ‘high risk, high reward’ awardees skew male—again. Science 2019;366:290.. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.366.6463.290
  12. United for Medical Research. NIH’s role in sustaining the U.S. economy. [updated 2021 Mar 24; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.unitedformedicalresearch.org/reports/nihs-role-in-sustaining-the-u-s-economy/
  13. Reynolds AJ, Ou SR, Temple JA. A multicomponent, preschool to third grade preventive intervention and educational attainment at 35 years of age. JAMA Pediatr 2018;172:247-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPEDIATRICS.2017.4673
  14. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities. Continuing umbrella of research experiences (CURE). [cited 2021 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/crchd/diversity-training/cure/cure-infographic.pdf
  15. Science Education Partnership Award. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://nihsepa.org/
  16. The University of Arizona, Q-Cubed. Statistics & evaluation. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://ignorance.medicine.arizona.edu/results/statistics-evaluation
  17. Andriole DA, Jeffe DB. Predictors of full-time faculty appointment among MD-PhD program graduates: a national cohort study. Med Educ Online 2016;21:30941. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3402/MEO.V21.30941
  18. Conte ML, Omary MB. NIH career development awards: conversion to research grants and regional distribution. J Clin Invest 2018;128:5187-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI123875
  19. NIH, National Cancer Institute. MERIT award (R37). [updated 2020 Nov 5; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/grants-training/grants-funding/funding-opportunities/merit
  20. National Institutes of Health. Faculty institutional recruitment for sustainable transformation (FIRST). [updated 2021 Aug 17; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://commonfund.nih.gov/first
  21. Krukowski RA, Jagsi R, Cardel MI. Academic productivity differences by gender and child age in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Womens Health 2021;30:341-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/JWH.2020.8710
  22. Cardel MI, Dhurandhar E, Yarar-Fisher C, Foster M, Hidalgo B, McClure LA, et al. Turning chutes into ladders for women faculty: a review and roadmap for equity in academia. J Womens Health 2020;29:721-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/JWH.2019.8027
  23. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Committee on Investigating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 on the Careers of Women in Academic Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Dahlberg ML, Higginbotham E, editors. Impact of COVID-19 on the careers of women in academic sciences, engineering, and medicine. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17226/26061
  24. de Claro RA, Gao JJ, Kim T, Kluetz PG, Theoret MR, Beaver JA, et al. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: initial experience with the real-time oncology review program. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:11-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2220
  25. de Claro RA, Spillman D, Hotaki LT, Shum M, Mouawad LS, Santos GML, et al. Project Orbis: global collaborative review program. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:6412-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3292
  26. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2020 Annual Report: oncology center of excellence. [cited Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/145613/download.
  27. Bleyer A, Tai E, Siegel S. Role of clinical trials in survival progress of American adolescents and young adults with cancer-and lack thereof. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018;65:e27074. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27074
  28. Hunger SP, Lu X, Devidas M, Camitta BM, Gaynon PS, Winick NJ, et al. Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1663-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.8018
  29. Valecha G, Thumallapally N, El Bitar S, Terjanian TO, Madrigal L, Longo L, et al. Clinical trial awareness in oncology patients of diverse ethnic background: a single-institution analysis. J Clin Oncol 2020;38(15_suppl):e19217. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19217
  30. Han JJ, Kim JW, Suh KJ, Kim JW, Kim SH, Kim YJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients enrolled in clinical trials compared with those of patients outside clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019;15:158-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.13145
  31. Koo KC, Lee JS, Kim JW, Han KS, Lee KS, Kim DK, et al. Impact of clinical trial participation on survival in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-center analysis. BMC Cancer 2018;18:468. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4390-x
  32. Narui K, Ohno S, Mukai H, Hozumi Y, Miyoshi Y, Yoshino H, et al. Overall survival of participants compared to non-participants in a randomized-controlled trial (SELECT BC): a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(15_suppl):2527. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_SUPPL.2527
  33. Unger JM, Hershman DL, Till C, Minasian LM, Osarogiagbon RU, Fleury ME, et al. “When offered to participate”: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient agreement to participate in cancer clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:244-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djaa155
  34. Unger JM, Vaidya R, Hershman DL, Minasian LM, Fleury ME. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the magnitude of structural, clinical, and physician and patient barriers to cancer clinical trial participation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019;111:245-55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy221
  35. Faulk KE, Anderson-Mellies A, Cockburn M, Green AL. Assessment of enrollment characteristics for Children’s Oncology Group (COG) upfront therapeutic clinical trials 2004-2015. PLoS One 2020;15:e0230824. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230824
  36. Aristizabal P, Singer J, Cooper R, Wells KJ, Nodora J, Milburn M, et al. Participation in pediatric oncology research protocols: racial/ethnic, language and age-based disparities. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1337-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.25472
  37. Borno HT, Zhang L, Siegel A, Chang E, Ryan CJ. At what cost to clinical trial enrollment? A retrospective study of patient travel burden in cancer clinical trials. Oncologist 2018;23:1242-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1634/THEONCOLOGIST.2017-0628
  38. Largent EA, Lynch HF. Addressing financial barriers to enrollment in clinical trials. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:913-4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2018.0492
  39. Nipp RD, Lee H, Gorton E, Lichtenstein M, Kuchukhidze S, Park E, et al. Addressing the financial burden of cancer clinical trial participation: longitudinal effects of an equity intervention. Oncologist 2019;24:1048-55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1634/THEONCOLOGIST.2019-0146
  40. Lungevity Foundation. LUNGevity barriers to clinical trial participation as perceived by lung cancer patients and caregivers. Available from: https://www.lungevity.org/sites/default/files/file-uploads/Barriers-to-Clinical-Trial-Participation-Study_0.pdf
  41. Unger JM, Cook E, Tai E, Bleyer A. The role of clinical trial participation in cancer research: barriers, evidence, and strategies. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016;35:185-98. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/edbk_156686
  42. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Clinical trial conduct during the COVID-19 pandemic. [updated 2020 Jun 1; cited 2021 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/coronavirus-covid-19-drugs/clinical-trial-conduct-during-covid-19-pandemic
  43. Sharpe K, Scheid K. The benefits of patient navigation. J Oncol Nav Surv 2021;9. Available from: https://www.jons-online.com/issues/2018/october-2018-vol-9-no-10/1998-the-benefits-of-patient-navigation
  44. Natale-Pereira A, Enard KR, Nevarez L, Jones LA. The role of patient navigators in eliminating health disparities. Cancer 2011;117(15 Suppl):3543-52.. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26264
  45. Freeman HP, Rodriguez RL. History and principles of patient navigation. Cancer 2011;117(15 Suppl):3539-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26262
  46. Osundina F, Garfield K, Downer S. Patient navigation in cancer care review of payment models for a sustainable future. American Cancer Society, Inc. No. 08051. Available from: http://navigationroundtable.org/wp-content/uploads/Patient-Navigation-in-Cancer-Care-Review-of-Payment-Models_FINAL.pdf
  47. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Enhancing the diversity of clinical trial populations – eligibility criteria, enrollment practices, and trial designs guidance for industry, November 2020. [updated 2020 Nov 13; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/enhancing-diversity-clinical-trial-populations-eligibility-criteria-enrollment-practices-and-trial
  48. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer. [updated 2021 Apr 29; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-update-summary/breast-cancer-screening1
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How many cancers are linked with HPV each year? [updated 2020 Sep 3; cited 2021 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/cases.htm
  50. Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA, Sterrett N, Markowitz LE, Williams CL, et al. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years – United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1109-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6933A1

References 701-742

  1. Truth Initiative. E-cigarettes drive overall youth tobacco use to highest rate in decades. 2019 Dec 9. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/emerging-tobacco-products/e-cigarettes-drive-overall-youth-tobacco-use-highest
  2. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Youth tobacco use: results from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. [updated 2020 Dec 22; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/youth-and-tobacco/youth-tobacco-use-results-national-youth-tobacco-survey
  3. Lee YO, Glantz SA. Menthol: putting the pieces together. Tob Control 2011;20(Suppl 2):ii1-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/TC.2011.043604
  4. Okuyemi KS, Faseru B, Cox LS, Bronars CA, Ahluwalia JS. Relationship between menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation among African American light smokers. Addiction 2007;102:1979-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1360-0443.2007.02010.X
  5. Ross KC, Dempsey DA, St Helen G, Delucchi K, Benowitz NL. The influence of puff characteristics, nicotine dependence, and rate of nicotine metabolism on daily nicotine exposure in African American smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers 2016;25:936-43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-1034
  6. Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS, Gagosian SY, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review. BMC Public Heal 2017;17:983. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-017-4987-Z
  7. Brody AL, Mukhin AG, La Charite J, Ta K, Farahi J, Sugar CA, et al. Up-regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in menthol cigarette smokers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;16:957-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145712001022
  8. Leas EC, Benmarhinia T, Strong DR, Pierce JP. Effects of menthol use and transitions in use on short-term and long-term cessation from cigarettes among US smokers. Tob Control 2021 Jul 6 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/TOBACCOCONTROL-2021-056596
  9. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Stopping menthol, saving lives: ending big tobacco’s predatory marketing to black communities. [updated 2021 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/what-we-do/industry-watch/menthol-report
  10. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA commits to evidence-based actions aimed at saving lives and preventing future generations of smokers. [updated 2021 Apr 29; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-commits-evidence-based-actions-aimed-saving-lives-and-preventing-future-generations-smokers
  11. Maloney J. Biden administration considering rule to cut nicotine in cigarettes. [updated 2021 Apr 19; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Wall Street Journal. Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-administration-considering-rule-to-cut-nicotine-in-cigarettes-11618859564
  12. Apelberg BJ, Feirman SP, Salazar E, Corey CG, Ambrose BK, Paredes A, et al. Potential public health effects of reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes in the United States. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1725-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMSR1714617
  13. NIH, National Cancer Institute. Cancer in children and adolescents. [updated 2021 Apr 20; cited 2021 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/types/childhood-cancers/child-adolescent-cancers-fact-sheet
  14. Reaman G, Karres D, Ligas F, Lesa G, Casey D, Ehrlich L, et al. Accelerating the global development of pediatric cancer drugs: a call to coordinate the submissions of pediatric investigation plans and pediatric study plans to the European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:4227-30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02152
  15. Oncology drug shortages persist. Cancer Discov 2020;10:6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-NB2019-134
  16. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Drug shortages: root causes and potential solutions. [updated 2021 Mar 11; cited 2021 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-shortages/report-drug-shortages-root-causes-and-potential-solutions
  17. Doubeni C, Simon M, Krist AH. Addressing systemic racism through clinical preventive service recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2021;325:627-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26188
  18. Chou R, Blazina I, Bougatsos C, Holmes R, Selph S, Grusing S, et al. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2020;324:2423-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2020.19750
  19. Lin JS, Perdue LA, Henrikson NB, Bean SI, Blasi PR. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2021;325:1978-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2021.4417
  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program [updated 2021, Aug 31; cited 2021 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/index.htm
  21. Patel KG, Borno HT, Seligman HK. Food insecurity screening: a missing piece in cancer management. Cancer 2019;125:3494-501. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/CNCR.32291
  22. Moss K, Dawson L, Long M, Kates J, Musumeci MB, Cubanski J, et al. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act: summary of key provisions. KFF 2020 Mar 23. Available from: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-families-first-coronavirus-response-act-summary-of-key-provisions/
  23. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. States are using much-needed temporary flexibility in SNAP to respond to COVID-19 challenges. [updated 2021 Aug 6; cited 2021 July 9]. Available from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/states-are-using-much-needed-temporary-flexibility-in-snap-to-respond-to
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. REACH program impact. [updated 2020 Mar 10; cited 2021 Aug 20]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/reach/program_impact/index.htm
  25. Finegold K, Conmy A, Chu RC, Bosworth A, Sommers BD. Trends in the U.S. uninsured population, 2010-2020. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Health Policy Issue Brief, 2021 Feb 11. Available from: https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/private/pdf/265041/trends-in-the-us-uninsured.pdf
  26. Status of state Medicaid expansion decisions: interactive map. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. KFF 2021 Aug 10. Available from: https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/
  27. Su CT, Okullo D, Hingtgen S, Levine DA, Goold SD. Affordable Care Act and cancer survivors’ financial barriers to care: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2009-2018. JCO Oncol Pract 2021 Jul 13 [Epub ahead of print]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1200/op.21.00095
  28. Guth M, Garfield R, Rudowitz R, Damico A. The status of Medicaid expansion in Missouri and implications for coverage and cost. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. KFF 2021 Jun 30. Available from: https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/status-of-medicaid-expansion-in-missouri-and-implications-for-coverage-and-cost/
  29. Corallo B, Rudowitz R. Analysis of recent national trends in Medicaid and CHIP enrollment. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. KFF 2021 Aug 16. Available from: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/analysis-of-recent-national-trends-in-medicaid-and-chip-enrollment/
  30. Feinstein D. S.Res.253 – a resolution supporting the designation of May 2021 as “National Cancer Research Month”. 117th Congress (2021-2022). [cited 2021 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-resolution/253
  31. Cancer Research Catalyst staff. Letter from President Biden to the AACR recognizes National Cancer Research Month. [cited 2021 Aug 13]. American Association for Cancer Research 2021 May 25. Available from: https://www.aacr.org/blog/2021/05/25/letter-from-president-biden-to-the-aacr-recognizes-national-cancer-research-month/
  32. Congressional Management Foundation. Citizen-centric advocacy: the untapped power of constituent engagement, 2017. Available from: https://www.congressfoundation.org/projects/communicating-with-congress/citizen-centric-advocacy-2017
  33. Ballast Research. Washington insights review: the new advocacy environment. 2021 Jan. Available from: https://www.ballastresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-Washington-Insights-Review-1.pdf
  34. English P. The power of patient advocacy in drug development. [cited 2021 Jul 9]. Advara 2021 May 27. Available from: https://www.advarra.com/blog/the-power-of-patient-advocacy-in-drug-development/
  35. Deverka PA, Bangs R, Kreizenbeck K, Delaney DM, Hershman DL, Blanke CD, et al. A new framework for patient engagement in Cancer Clinical Trials Cooperative Group studies. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 2018;110:553-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/JNCI/DJY064
  36. Paskett ED, Hiatt RA. Catchment areas and community outreach and engagement: the new mandate for NCI-designated cancer centers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27:517-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-1050
  37. University of Michigan Library. Research guides: COVID-19 (novel coronavirus): webinars & online learning. Available from: https://guides.lib.umich.edu/covid19/onlinelearning
  38. Emory University School of Medicine, Emergency Medicine. COVID-19 response. Available from: https://med.emory.edu/departments/emergency-medicine/patient-care/covid-19/index.html
  39. Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research. Health education lectures for lay community. Available from: https://www.irvinginstitute.columbia.edu/services/health-education-lectures-lay-community
  40. National Science Policy Network. FY20 annual report, 2019-2020. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SjU2weBqL0BPWHzYkmeyP4Z1yFi44Vj_/view
  41. Dartmouth, Office of the Registrar. Organization, regulations, and courses 2020-21; PEMM 132 clinical management of cancer. [cited 2021 Aug 13]. Available from: http://dartmouth.smartcatalogiq.com/current/orc/Departments-Programs-Graduate/Program-in-Experimental-and-Molecular-Medicine/PEMM-Experimental-and-Molecular-Medicine/100/PEMM-132
  42. National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship. 2020 state of Cancer Survivorship Survey. [published 2021 Feb 1; cited 2021 Sep 11]. Available from https://canceradvocacy.org/policy/2020-state-of-cancer-survivorship-survey/